{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T14:30:44Z","timestamp":1780756244737,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]],"date-time":"2025-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753747200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Fungal endophthalmitis (FE) is a rare but serious intraocular inflammatory disorder, resulting from an infection of the vitreous cavity from either endogenous or exogenous components that ultimately results in blindness. This current research study aims to elucidate the histological effects of the intravitreal injection of the maximum safe dosage of voriconazole and micafungin on the retina and investigate potential histological alterations after the double and combined administration of voriconazole and micafungin. Methodology: Nine New Zealand Albino Rabbits were randomly assigned into three groups (V2, M2, and VM), and in each, voriconazole, micafungin, and a combination of the two medications were administered respectively. After the administration of the antifungal agents, the animals were sacrificed and their retinas were retrieved and studied under optical and electron microscopes. The immunohistochemical markers TNF-a and IL6 were also studied. Results: TNF-a was positive in the VM group, as it was found to be mildly positive in the presence of apoptotic cells in the ganglion cell layer. Conclusions: This study revealed voriconazole has a greater toxicity in a multi-dosage administration. However, micafungin revealed a greater toxicity than voriconazole from the extent of the lesions observed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof11080564","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]],"date-time":"2025-07-29T10:25:34Z","timestamp":1753784734000},"page":"564","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Ultrastructural and Immunohistochemical Study of Double and Combined Intravitreal Administration of Antifungal Agents in the Retina of New Zealand Albino Rabbits: An Experimental Protocol"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6309-8410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia","family":"Karachrysafi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Team \u201cHistologistas\u201d, Interinstitutional Postgraduate Program \u201cHealth and Environmental Factors\u201d, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"},{"name":"Laboratory of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5566-9295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Kourti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Team \u201cHistologistas\u201d, Interinstitutional Postgraduate Program \u201cHealth and Environmental Factors\u201d, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"},{"name":"2nd Department of Pediatrics, AHEPA Hospital, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1703-6980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophia","family":"Tsokkou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Team \u201cHistologistas\u201d, Interinstitutional Postgraduate Program \u201cHealth and Environmental Factors\u201d, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5676-4045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Despoina","family":"Ioannou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Team \u201cHistologistas\u201d, Interinstitutional Postgraduate Program \u201cHealth and Environmental Factors\u201d, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"},{"name":"Laboratory of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evangelia","family":"Kofidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4900-8911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgios","family":"Delis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6060-4995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sotiris","family":"Sotiriou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Team \u201cHistologistas\u201d, Interinstitutional Postgraduate Program \u201cHealth and Environmental Factors\u201d, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, AHEPA Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Athanasios","family":"Karamitsos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Team \u201cHistologistas\u201d, Interinstitutional Postgraduate Program \u201cHealth and Environmental Factors\u201d, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Xioteli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioanna","family":"Dori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Penelope","family":"Anastasiadou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Team \u201cHistologistas\u201d, Interinstitutional Postgraduate Program \u201cHealth and Environmental Factors\u201d, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"},{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine\/Pathology, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1632-821X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioannis","family":"Konstantinidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Team \u201cHistologistas\u201d, Interinstitutional Postgraduate Program \u201cHealth and Environmental Factors\u201d, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3325-2752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Kavvadas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Team \u201cHistologistas\u201d, Interinstitutional Postgraduate Program \u201cHealth and Environmental Factors\u201d, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, 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