{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T11:20:40Z","timestamp":1785583240466,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754265600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development CNPQ","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["141512\/2024-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["141512\/2024-5"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development CNPQ","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["402635\/2023-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["402635\/2023-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development CNPQ","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["443823\/2024-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["443823\/2024-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development CNPQ","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["444009\/2024-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["444009\/2024-8"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Concern over the presence of pharmaceutical waste in the environment has prompted research into the management of emerging organic micropollutants (EOMs). In response, sustainable technologies have been applied as alternatives to reduce the effects of these contaminants. This study investigated the capacity of filamentous fungi isolated from iron mine soil in the Amazon region to biodegrade the drug chloroquine diphosphate. An initial screening assessed the growth of four fungal strains on solid media containing chloroquine diphosphate: Trichoderma pseudoasperelloides CBMAI 2752, Penicillium rolfsii CBMAI 2753, Talaromyces verruculosus CBMAI 2754, and Penicillium sp. cf. guaibinense CBMAI 2758. Among them, Penicillium sp. cf. guaibinense CBMAI 2758 was selected for further testing in liquid media. A Box\u2013Behnken factorial design was applied with three variables, pH (5, 7, and 9), incubation time (5, 10, and 15 days), and chloroquine diphosphate concentration (50, 75, and 100 mg\u00b7L\u22121), totaling 15 experiments. The samples were analyzed by gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The most effective conditions for chloroquine biodegradation were pH 7, 100 mg\u00b7L\u22121 concentration, and 10 days of incubation. Four metabolites were identified: one resulting from N-deethylation M1 (N4-(7-chloroquinolin-4-yl)-N1-ethylpentane-1,4-diamine), two from carbon\u2013carbon bond cleavage M2 (7-chloro-N-ethylquinolin-4-amine) and M3 (N1,N1-diethylpentane-1,4-diamine), and one from aromatic deamination M4 (N1-ethylbutane-1,4-diamine) by enzymatic reactions. The toxicity analysis showed that the products obtained from the biodegradation of chloroquine were less toxic than the commercial formulation of this compound. These findings highlight the biotechnological potential of Amazonian fungi for drug biodegradation and decontamination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof11080579","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T08:46:55Z","timestamp":1754383615000},"page":"579","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Biodegradation of Chloroquine by a Fungus from Amazonian Soil, Penicillium\u00a0guaibinense CBMAI 2758"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6010-1300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"de Almeida N\u00f3brega","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biocatalysis and Applied Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Federal University of Amap\u00e1, Macap\u00e1 68903-419, AP, Brazil"},{"name":"Post-Graduate Program in Biotechnology and Biodiversity\u2014BIONORTE Network, Federal University of Amap\u00e1, Macap\u00e1 68902-280, AP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel Q.","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biocatalysis and Applied Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Federal University of Amap\u00e1, Macap\u00e1 68903-419, AP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucas S.","family":"S\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biocatalysis and Applied Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Federal University of Amap\u00e1, Macap\u00e1 68903-419, AP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"da Silva Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Post-Graduate Program in Biotechnology and Biodiversity\u2014BIONORTE Network, Federal University of Amap\u00e1, Macap\u00e1 68902-280, AP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabr\u00edcio H. e","family":"Holanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Institute of Science and Technology Education of Amap\u00e1, Rua Nilo Per\u00e7anha, Bairro Cajari, Laranjal do Jari 68920-000, AP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inana F.","family":"de Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biocatalysis and Applied Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Federal University of Amap\u00e1, Macap\u00e1 68903-419, AP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9 Luiz M.","family":"Porto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Biocatalysis, S\u00e3o Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ed. 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