{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T09:31:03Z","timestamp":1787563863083,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757548800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento do Estado do Maranh\u00e3o\u2014FAPEMA","award":["PPSUS-05982\/16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PPSUS-05982\/16"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento do Estado do Maranh\u00e3o\u2014FAPEMA","award":["UNIVERSAL-01081\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UNIVERSAL-01081\/19"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento do Estado do Maranh\u00e3o\u2014FAPEMA","award":["IECT-04934\/18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IECT-04934\/18"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento do Estado do Maranh\u00e3o\u2014FAPEMA","award":["317049\/2023-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["317049\/2023-2"]}]},{"name":"CEDRO Laboratory (S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds-MA)","award":["PPSUS-05982\/16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PPSUS-05982\/16"]}]},{"name":"CEDRO Laboratory (S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds-MA)","award":["UNIVERSAL-01081\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UNIVERSAL-01081\/19"]}]},{"name":"CEDRO Laboratory (S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds-MA)","award":["IECT-04934\/18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IECT-04934\/18"]}]},{"name":"CEDRO Laboratory (S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds-MA)","award":["317049\/2023-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["317049\/2023-2"]}]},{"name":"CNPq","award":["PPSUS-05982\/16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PPSUS-05982\/16"]}]},{"name":"CNPq","award":["UNIVERSAL-01081\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UNIVERSAL-01081\/19"]}]},{"name":"CNPq","award":["IECT-04934\/18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IECT-04934\/18"]}]},{"name":"CNPq","award":["317049\/2023-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["317049\/2023-2"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tuberculosis (TB) is an infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC), which can be exacerbated by fungal infections. This study evaluated the clinical characteristics and virulence of Candida spp. in patients with tuberculosis. Antifungal sensitivity, phospholipase and proteinase production, biofilm formation, phagocytic index, and reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS) species were assessed. Candida spp. were isolated from 14 patients, 28.5% women and 71.4% men, mainly from sputum and tracheal secretions. Five (35.7%) patients were co-infected with Mycobacterium, Candida, and HIV. Candida albicans (78.6%) and Candida tropicalis (21.4%) were identified in all 14 patients. All isolates showed sensitivity to amphotericin B and dose-dependent responses to fluconazole (16 \u03bcg\/mL). Phospholipase activity was detected in 35.7% of the isolates, whereas all isolates showed proteinase activity (100%). A significant difference in phospholipase activity, phagocytosis, and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitrogen species (RNS) was observed when Candida isolates from patients with TB, living with or without HIV, were compared to Candida isolates from healthy individuals. All isolates were biofilm producers. This study highlights the relevance of mycoses diagnosis in patients with TB, since Candida spp. may be more virulent and contribute to the deterioration of the clinical condition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof11090665","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T08:55:02Z","timestamp":1757580902000},"page":"665","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Virulence of Candida Isolates in Patients with Tuberculosis and Oral\/Oesophageal Candidiasis: Co-Infection Evaluation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Rayana Larissa Pinheiro Soares","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Micologia, Universidade CEUMA (UNICEUMA), S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds 65067-120, Maranh\u00e3o, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra Teixeira","family":"Macedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Micologia, Universidade CEUMA (UNICEUMA), S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds 65067-120, Maranh\u00e3o, Brazil"},{"name":"Mestrado em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade Federal do Maranh\u00e3o (UFMA), S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds 65080-805, Maranh\u00e3o, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0712-1852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Concei\u00e7\u00e3o de Maria Pedrozo e Silva de","family":"Azevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mestrado em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade Federal do Maranh\u00e3o (UFMA), S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds 65080-805, Maranh\u00e3o, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sirlei Garcia","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio CEDRO, Hospital Universit\u00e1rio da Universidade Federal do Maranh\u00e3o (HU-UFMA), S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds 65020-570, Maranh\u00e3o, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0381-9225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marliete Carvalho","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Micologia, Universidade CEUMA (UNICEUMA), S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds 65067-120, Maranh\u00e3o, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Carlos Maia Dornelas de","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Micologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3186-885X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo Henrique Fonseca do","family":"Carmo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Bioci\u00eancias, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Campus de Botucatu, Botucatu 18618-689, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yankee Costa Magalh\u00e3es","family":"Diniz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio CEDRO, Hospital Universit\u00e1rio da Universidade Federal do Maranh\u00e3o (HU-UFMA), S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds 65020-570, Maranh\u00e3o, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heylane Ferreira","family":"Cutrim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio CEDRO, Hospital Universit\u00e1rio da Universidade Federal do Maranh\u00e3o (HU-UFMA), S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds 65020-570, Maranh\u00e3o, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3082-1101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina Andrade","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Federal de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o, Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia do 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