{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T11:33:17Z","timestamp":1781004797555,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]],"date-time":"2025-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757635200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)","award":["2021\/09624-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\/09624-3"]}]},{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)","award":["2023\/06860-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023\/06860-3"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Studies assessing the long-term effects of brushing with cleaning and disinfecting agents on surface roughness and biofilm accumulation on the three-dimensionally (3D) printed resins remain scarce. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different solutions and simulated brushing times on the surface roughness and biofilm formation on heat-cured and 3D-printed denture base resins. Discs samples (10 mm \u00d7 1.2 mm) were prepared and randomly assigned to brushing treatments using the following solutions: distilled water, disinfectant liquid soap and dentifrice. The specimens (n = 9) were subjected to 10,000, 20,000 and 50,000 cycles to simulate 1, 2 and 5 years of brushing, respectively. The control group consisted of unbrushed samples. Surface roughness (Ra) was measured. Candida albicans biofilm formation was evaluated by counting colony forming units, cellular metabolic activity, and qualitative and quantitative analysis through confocal fluorescence microscopy. A significant increase in roughness was observed in both resins after two years of simulated brushing, mainly with dentifrice. After two years of brushing, an increase in the number of cells and metabolism of C. albicans was observed, in agreement with the fluorescence and biofilm thickness results. Brushing with dentifrice increased the roughness of heat-cured and 3D-printed resins and potentially increased C. albicans biofilm formation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof11090668","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]],"date-time":"2025-09-12T07:52:28Z","timestamp":1757663548000},"page":"668","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Surface Changes Induced by Brushing Increase Candida albicans Biofilms on 3D-Printed Denture Base Resin"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5003-740X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafaelly","family":"Camargo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14801-903, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5704-5427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonatas Silva de","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14801-903, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2623-2152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda Costa","family":"Ferro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14801-903, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6763-7258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatriz Ribeiro","family":"Ribas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14801-903, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5306-8060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alan Augusto Val\u00e9rio","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14801-903, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9135-3455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janaina Habib","family":"Jorge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14801-903, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1590\/S1678-77572006000300011","article-title":"Effect of post-polymerization heat treatments on the cytotoxicity of two denture base acrylic resins","volume":"14","author":"Jorge","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Appl. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.17219\/acem\/33009","article-title":"Acrylic resin cytotoxicity for denture base-literature review","volume":"24","author":"Goiato","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1177\/2050168420943435","article-title":"Removable partial dentures for older adults","volume":"9","author":"Friel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prim. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.4103\/1305-7456.172621","article-title":"Allergic effects of the residual monomer used in denture base acrylic resins","volume":"9","author":"Rashid","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1590\/S1678-77572011000500015","article-title":"Changes in roughness of denture base and reline materials by chemical disinfection or microwave irradiation: Surface roughness of denture base and reline materials","volume":"19","author":"Machado","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpor.2016.01.003","article-title":"Advancements in CAD\/CAM technology: Options for practical implementation","volume":"60","author":"Alghazzawi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Prosthodont. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1002\/adem.201801013","article-title":"3D printing and digital processing techniques in Dentistry: A review of literature","volume":"21","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1111\/jopr.12801","article-title":"Additive manufacturing technologies used for processing polymers: Current status and potential application in prosthetic dentistry","volume":"28","author":"Ozcan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Prosthodont."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2015.09.018","article-title":"3D printing with polymers: Challenges among expanding options and opportunities","volume":"32","author":"Stansbury","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3913(13)60318-2","article-title":"Computer-aided technology for fabricating complete dentures: Systematic review of historical background, current status, and future perspectives","volume":"109","author":"Brida","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00617-19","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00617-19","article-title":"Digital design of a universal rat intraoral device for therapeutic evaluation of a topical formulation against Candida-associated denture stomatitis","volume":"87","author":"Sultan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meirowitz, A., Rahmanov, A., Shlomo, E., Zelikman, H., Dolev, E., and Sterer, N. (2021). Effect of denture base fabrication technique on Candida albicans adhesion in vitro. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14010221"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-849X.2011.00698.x","article-title":"Epidemiology and etiology of denture stomatitis","volume":"20","author":"Gendreau","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Prosthodont."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1111\/jicd.12055","article-title":"Effects of surface roughness and dimorphism on the adhesion of Candida albicans to the surface of resins: Scanning electron microscope analyses of mode and number of adhesions","volume":"5","author":"Mayahara","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Investig. Clin. Dent."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.4103\/1735-3327.240477","article-title":"In vitro comparison of the effects of microwave irradiation and chemical and mechanical methods on the disinfection of complete dentures contaminated with Candida albicans","volume":"15","author":"Aslanimehr","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dent. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.17219\/dmp\/112861","article-title":"Current perspectives and the future of Candida albicans-associated denture stomatitis treatment","volume":"57","author":"Gad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dent. Med. Probl."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-2358.2007.00177.x","article-title":"Distribution of biofilm on internal and external surfaces of upper complete dentures: The effect of hygiene instruction","volume":"24","author":"Paranhos","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gerodontology"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-2358.2010.00369.x","article-title":"Complete denture hygiene and nocturnal wearing habits among patients attending the Prosthodontic Department in a Dental University in Brazil","volume":"28","author":"Takamiya","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gerodontology"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"1065","article-title":"Effect of different denture cleaning methods on roughness in resin denture base","volume":"38","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cent. South Univ. (Med. Sci.)"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2014.05.009","article-title":"The effect of dentifrice abrasion on denture topography and the subsequent retention of microorganisms on abraded surfaces","volume":"112","author":"Verran","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zoccolotti, J.O., Tasso, C.O., Arbel\u00e1ez, M.I.A., Malavolta, I.F., Pereira, E.C.S., Esteves, C.S.G., and Jorge, J.H. (2018). Properties of an acrylic resin after immersion in antiseptic soaps: Low-cost, easy-acess procedure for the prevention of denture stomatitis. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0203187"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.11607\/ijp.6643","article-title":"Effectiveness of disinfectant liquid soaps in the reduction of Candida spp present in complete dentures: A crossover randomized clinical trial","volume":"33","author":"Tasso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Prosthodont."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"238","article-title":"Influence of brushing with antiseptic soap solution on the surface and biological properties of an acrylic denture base resin","volume":"35","author":"Ribas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"157","article-title":"Trial of experimental toothpastes regarding quality for cleaning dentures","volume":"25","author":"Andrade","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Prosthodont."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1590\/1807-3107BOR-2015.vol29.0104","article-title":"Antimicrobial action of sodium hypochlorite and castor oil solutions for denture cleaning\u2014In vitro evaluation","volume":"29","author":"Salles","year":"2015","journal-title":"Braz. Oral Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1080\/08927014.2014.894028","article-title":"In vitro evaluation of adherence of Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, and Streptococcus mutans to an acrylic resin modified by experimental coatings","volume":"30","author":"Izumida","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biofouling"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2019.05.034","article-title":"Printing accuracy, mechanical properties, surface characteristics, and microbial adhesion of 3D-printed resins with various printing orientations","volume":"12","author":"Shim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1111\/jicd.12125","article-title":"Effect of surface roughness on the hydrophobicity of a denture-base acrylic resin and Candida albicans colonization","volume":"7","author":"Machado","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Investig. Clin. Dent."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Dentistry\u2014Base polymers Part 1: Denture Base Polymers (Standard No. ISO 20795-1:2013). Available online: https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/62277.html."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e121","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-2358.2010.00422.x","article-title":"Weight loss and changes in surface roughness of denture base and reline materials after simulated toothbrushing in vitro","volume":"29","author":"Machado","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gerodontology"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2020.12.040","article-title":"Effect of surface treatment and glaze application on shade characterized resin-modified ceramic after toothbrushing","volume":"125","author":"Tribst","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.4047\/jap.2022.14.5.334","article-title":"Color stability of 3D-printed denture resins: Effect of aging, mechanical brushing and immersion in staining medium","volume":"14","author":"Alfouzan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Adv. Prosthodont."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.3233\/THC-212974","article-title":"Effect of aging and mechanical brushing on surface roughness of 3D printed denture resins: A profilometer and scanning electron microscopy analysis","volume":"30","author":"Alfouzan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Technol. Health Care"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"73","article-title":"Cytotoxicity of denture base resins","volume":"10","author":"Sheridan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Prosthodont."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1080\/08927014.2024.2418466","article-title":"Cryptocarya moschata fractions decrease planktonic cells and biofilms of Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans","volume":"40","author":"Oliveira","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biofouling"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.2019-226","article-title":"Effect of toothbrush\/dentifrice abrasion on weight variation, surface roughness, surface morphology and hardness of conventional and CAD\/CAM denture base materials","volume":"40","author":"Chang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dent. Mater. J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00c7akmak, G., Donmez, M.B., Akay, C., Atalay, S., Paula, M.S., Schimmel, M., and Yilmaz, B. (2022). Effect of simulated brushing and disinfection on the surface roughness and color stability of CAD-CAM denture base materials. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater., 134.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2022.105390"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1590\/S1678-77572009000200009","article-title":"Mass loss of four commercially available heat-polymerized acrylic resins after toothbrushing with three different dentifrices","volume":"17","author":"Paranhos","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2023.06.027","article-title":"Effect of simulated brushing with dentifrices on surface roughness and the massa loss of acrylic resin: A systematic review and meta-analysis of in vitro studies","volume":"133","author":"Campos","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-1777051","article-title":"Caries etiology and preventive measures","volume":"18","author":"Meyer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Enax, J., Meyer, F., Wiesche, E.S.Z., Fuhrmann, I.C., and Fabritius, H.O. (2023). Toothpaste abrasion and abrasive particle content: Correlating high-resolution profilometric analysis with relative dentin abrasivity (RDA). Dent. J., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/dj11030079"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carvalho, L.F., Alves, L.M.M., Bergamo, E.T.P., Jalkh, E.B.B., Campos, T.M.B., Zahoui, A., Fermino, E.S., Magalh\u00e3es, A.C., Silva, T.L., and Coelho, P.G. (2023). Influence of abrasive dentifrices on polymeric reconstructive material properties after simulated toothbrushing. Biomater. Investig. Dent., 10.","DOI":"10.1080\/26415275.2023.2268670"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20230104","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-7757-2023-0104","article-title":"Effectiveness of disinfectant solution associated or not with brushing on the biofilm control of a 3D printed-denture base resin","volume":"31","author":"Nunes","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Appl. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2004.01.006","article-title":"The effect of polymerization cycles on porosity of microwave-processed denture base resin","volume":"91","author":"Compagnoni","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-849X.2009.00561.x","article-title":"Reducing the incidence of denture stomatitis: Are denture cleansers sufficient?","volume":"19","author":"Jose","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Prosthodont."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-849X.2012.00865.x","article-title":"A comparative in vitro study of two denture cleaning techniques as an effective strategy for inhibiting Candida albicans biofilms on denture surfaces and reducing inflammation","volume":"21","author":"Ramage","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Prosthodont."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/S0109-5641(03)00083-6","article-title":"An evaluation of the surface changes in PMMA biomaterial formulations as a result of toothbrush\/dentifrice abrasion","volume":"20","author":"Richmond","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Longhin, E.M., Yamani, N.E., Rund\u00e9n-Pran, E., and Dusinska, M. (2022). The alamar blue assay in the context of safety testing of nanomaterials. Front. Toxicol., 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/ftox.2022.981701"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.15698\/mic2024.07.831","article-title":"Quantification methods of Candida albicans are independent irrespective of fungal morphology","volume":"26","author":"Soares","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microb. Cell"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alhajj, M.N., Halboub, E., Yacob, N., Al-Maweri, S.A., Ahmad, S.F., Celebic, A., Al-Mekhlafi, H.M., and Salleh, N.M. (2024). Adhesion of Candida albicans to digital versus conventional acrylic resins: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Oral Health, 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-024-04083-2"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.1996.tb00288.x","article-title":"Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus as a risk factor for denture stomatitis","volume":"25","author":"Wloch","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Oral Pathol. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0528.2000.028002141.x","article-title":"Effects of an oral health program on the occurrence of oral candidosis in a long-term care facility","volume":"28","author":"Mojon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1834-7819.1998.tb00157.x","article-title":"Candida-associated denture stomatitis. Aetiology and management: A review. Part 2. Oral diseases caused by Candida species","volume":"43","author":"Webb","year":"1998","journal-title":"Aust. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1834-7819.1998.tb00152.x","article-title":"Candida-associated denture stomatitis. Aetiology and management: A review. Part 1. Factors influencing distribution of Candida species in the oral cavity","volume":"43","author":"Webb","year":"1998","journal-title":"Aust. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1834-7819.1998.tb00172.x","article-title":"Candida-associated denture stomatitis. Aetiology and management: A review. Part 3. Treatment of oral candidosis","volume":"43","author":"Webb","year":"1998","journal-title":"Aust. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-849X.2010.00592.x","article-title":"Evaluation of the abrasiveness of dentifrices for complete dentures","volume":"19","author":"Pisani","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Prosthodont."}],"container-title":["Journal of Fungi"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2309-608X\/11\/9\/668\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:44:16Z","timestamp":1760035456000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2309-608X\/11\/9\/668"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["jof11090668"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jof11090668","relation":{},"ISSN":["2309-608X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2309-608X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]]}}}