{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:45:35Z","timestamp":1760060735999,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,20]],"date-time":"2025-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758326400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["50538\/2021-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["50538\/2021-9"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Non-Saccharomyces yeasts are emerging as promising new probiotics with a beneficial effect equal to or greater than the reference probiotic yeast, Saccharomyces boulardii. Candida intermedia, a non-albicans species not considered a common human pathogen, previously demonstrated probiotic potential. In this work, our objective was to evaluate the immunomodulatory effects of C. intermedia ORQ001 in mice vaccinated with inactivated SARS-CoV-2, seeking further evidence of its probiotic activity. Murine macrophages were stimulated with C. intermedia, followed by mRNA transcription analysis via qPCR. Mice were supplemented with C. intermedia prior to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Antibody production was assessed by ELISA, and fecal microbiomes were analyzed using next-generation sequencing. C. intermedia significantly increased Il4 and Il13 expression while decreasing Stat3 in macrophages. Splenocytes from supplemented mice exhibited elevated transcription levels of Tnf, Ifng, Il4, Bcl6, and Stat3 after exposure to stimulatory molecules. These mice showed increased levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG and sIgA isotypes, along with higher abundances of Bacteroides spp. and Clostridium spp. in their gut microbiome. In conclusion, C. intermedia supplementation modulated the expression of key immune-related genes and enhanced humoral responses in mice. Furthermore, its influence on gastrointestinal microbiota suggests a synergistic effect on vaccine immunogenicity. These findings support the potential of C. intermedia as a novel probiotic candidate with immunomodulatory properties applicable to vaccine adjuvanticity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof11090685","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T12:08:03Z","timestamp":1758542883000},"page":"685","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Candida intermedia Supplementation Enhances Immune Response and Modulates the Gut Microbiome in SARS-CoV-2 Vaccinated Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6650-8286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renan E. A.","family":"Piraine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Laboratory, Technological Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas 96010-610, RS, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto Medical School, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Neida L.","family":"Conrad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Laboratory, Technological Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas 96010-610, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vit\u00f3ria S.","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Laboratory, Technological Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas 96010-610, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeferson V.","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Laboratory, Technological Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas 96010-610, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6712-3235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00falia L.","family":"Froldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto Medical School, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3782-3698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fausto","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto Medical School, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F\u00e1bio P. L.","family":"Leite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Laboratory, Technological Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas 96010-610, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,20]]},"reference":[{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Zhang, P., and Zhang, X. (2021). Probiotics regulate gut microbiota: An effective method to improve immunity. Molecules, 26.","key":"ref_1","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26196076"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sen, S., and Mansell, T.J. (2020). Yeasts as probiotics: Mechanisms, outcomes, and future potential. Fungal Genet. Biol., 137.","key":"ref_2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2020.103333"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hatoum, R., Labrie, S., and Fliss, I. (2012). Antimicrobial and probiotic properties of yeasts: From fundamental to novel applications. Front. 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