{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,2]],"date-time":"2026-08-02T08:36:12Z","timestamp":1785659772252,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science of China","award":["GSCS-2023-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GSCS-2023-02"]}]},{"name":"Fuxi Outstanding Talent Cultivation Program, Gansu Agricultural University","award":["Gaufx-03J03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Gaufx-03J03"]}]},{"name":"Gansu Provincial Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars","award":["18JR3RA161"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18JR3RA161"]}]},{"name":"Gansu Provincial Major Science and Technology Project","award":["23ZDNA008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23ZDNA008"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31860526"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31860526"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Lanzhou Science and Technology Project","award":["2021-1-39"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-1-39"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The cereal cyst nematode, Heterodera avena, is responsible for substantial economic losses in the global production of wheat, barley, and other cereal crops. Extracellular enzymes, particularly those from the glycoside hydrolase 18 (GH18) family, such as chitinases secreted by Trichoderma spp., play a crucial role in nematode control. However, the genome-wide analysis of Trichoderma longibrachiatum T6 (T6) GH18 family genes in controlling of H. avenae remains unexplored. Through phylogenetic analysis and bioinformatics tools, we identified and conducted a detailed analysis of 18 GH18 genes distributed across 13 chromosomes. The analysis encompassed gene structure, evolutionary development, protein characteristics, and gene expression profiles following T6 parasitism on H. avenae, as determined by RT-qPCR. Our results indicate that 18 GH18 members in T6 were clustered into three major groups (A, B, and C), which comprise seven subgroups. Each subgroup exhibits highly conserved catalytic domains, motifs, and gene structures, while the cis-acting elements demonstrate extensive responsiveness to hormones, stress-related signals, and light. These members are significantly enriched in the chitin catabolic process, extracellular region, and chitinase activity (GO functional enrichment), and they are involved in amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism (KEGG pathway enrichment). Additionally, 13 members formed an interaction network, enhancing chitin degradation efficiency through synergistic effects. Interestingly, 18 members of the GH18 family genes were expressed after T6 parasitism on H. avenae cysts. Notably, GH18-3 (Group B) and GH18-16 (Group A) were significantly upregulated, with average increases of 3.21-fold and 3.10-fold, respectively, from 12 to 96 h after parasitism while compared to the control group. Meanwhile, we found that the GH18-3 and GH18-16 proteins exhibit the highest homology with key enzymes responsible for antifungal activity in T. harzianum, demonstrating dual biocontrol potential in both antifungal activity and nematode control. Overall, these results indicate that the GH18 family has undergone functional diversification during evolution, with each member assuming specific biological roles in T6 effect on nematodes. This study provides a theoretical foundation for identifying novel nematicidal genes from T6 and cultivating highly efficient biocontrol strains through transgenic engineering, which holds significant practical implications for advancing the biocontrol of plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof11100714","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T14:27:42Z","timestamp":1759328862000},"page":"714","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Genome-Wide Identification and Analysis of Chitinase GH18 Gene Family in Trichoderma longibrachiatum T6 Strain: Insights into Biocontrol of Heterodera avenae"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Cizhong","family":"Duan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China"},{"name":"College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China"},{"name":"Gansu Provincial Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China"},{"name":"Gansu Provincial Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuwu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China"},{"name":"College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China"},{"name":"Gansu Provincial Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bingliang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China"},{"name":"College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China"},{"name":"Gansu Provincial Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsoil.2015.04.010","article-title":"Biocontrol potential of a native species of Trichoderma longibrachiatum against Meloidogyne incognita","volume":"94","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. 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