{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T13:14:12Z","timestamp":1787318052925,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Consejer\u00eda de Educaci\u00f3n, Universidades e Investigaci\u00f3n of the Gobierno Vasco-Eusko Jaularitza","award":["GIC21\/24"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GIC21\/24"]}]},{"name":"Consejer\u00eda de Educaci\u00f3n, Universidades e Investigaci\u00f3n of the Gobierno Vasco-Eusko Jaularitza","award":["IT1607-22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IT1607-22"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The epidemiology of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) in Ecuador remains poorly reported and outdated. We therefore conducted a 12-month prospective survey to assess the aetiology and antifungal resistance patterns among symptomatic Ecuadorian patients. VVC diagnosis was confirmed by microscopic examination and culture. Isolates were identified by biochemical and molecular methods. In vitro antifungal susceptibilities to amphotericin B, clotrimazole, fluconazole, itraconazole, miconazole, and nystatin were determined by CLSI methods. Among 195 women, 71 VVC episodes were recorded (36.4%), whereof 56 (28.7%) had acute VVC (AVVC) and 15 (7.7%) had recurrent VVC (RVVC). The predominant species was Candida albicans, isolated in pure culture from 45 AVVC (80.3%) and 9 RVVC patients (60%), and in mixed culture from 7 AVVC (12.5%) and 3 RVVC patients (20%). Candida glabrata and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were also isolated in AVVC and RVVC patients, but Candida parapsilosis and Candida famata were only isolated from AVVC. Fluconazole- and miconazole-resistant C. albicans isolates were recovered from 5 (8.9%) and 24 (42.9%) of 56 AVVC patients, respectively, and from 1 (8.3%) and 5 (41.7%) of 12 RVVC patients, respectively. Fluconazole and miconazole resistance is relevant in Ecuador, emphasising the need for targeted antifungal strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof11100742","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T11:39:34Z","timestamp":1760701174000},"page":"742","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Aetiology of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis in Ecuador and In Vitro Antifungal Activity Against Candida Vaginal Isolates"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Celia","family":"Bowen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV\/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain"},{"name":"Medicine Program, Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Ecuador (PUCE), Quito 170525, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0924-3696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Marcos-Arias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV\/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Checa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine Program, Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Ecuador (PUCE), Quito 170525, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Eugenia","family":"Castellanos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine Program, Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Ecuador (PUCE), Quito 170525, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1102-9370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine","family":"Miranda-Cadena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV\/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9043-9265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Eraso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV\/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0438-2248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guillermo","family":"Quind\u00f3s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV\/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto Biosanitario Biobizkaia, 48903 Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.riam.2016.11.006","article-title":"Candidiasis vulvovaginal: Una antigua enfermedad con nuevos desaf\u00edos","volume":"34","author":"Vigezzi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. 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