{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T03:05:28Z","timestamp":1792638328617,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":207,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761696000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Candida species are common commensals within the human microbiome but can transition opportunistically to pathogenic states when host\u2013microbe homeostasis is disrupted. Their ability to adhere to mucosa and implanted medical devices, form thick biofilms, and invade epithelial tissues makes candidiasis particularly harmful in immunocompromised and elderly populations. This review examines the reported antifungal activity of common probiotic genera such as Lactobacillus, Bacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Saccharomyces across the oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract, and vaginal tract. The probiotic mechanisms of action, such as competitive exclusion, secretion of antifungal metabolites, and immunomodulation, are explored in detail, and research methodologies are scrutinised to assess the robustness of current evidence. This review compiles evidence from a variety of studies and clinical trials showing certain probiotic strains and formulations have the ability to significantly decrease Candida colonisation and reduce candidiasis symptom prevalence. Although outcomes vary greatly between probiotic strains tested, species of Candida targeted, and specific site of infection, it is clear that selected probiotic species and their secreted substances can have prominent anti-Candida effects and promote tangible clinical improvements. Future directions for the field of probiotic study are suggested, including the roles of prebiotics, postbiotics, and synbiotic formulations to enhance probiotic efficacy against candidiasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof11110779","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T03:44:39Z","timestamp":1761795879000},"page":"779","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Harnessing Probiotics to Combat Candidiasis: Mechanisms, Evidence, and Future Directions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Emma","family":"Wright","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Leicester School of Allied Health Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7112-0435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nisha","family":"Valand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leicester School of Allied Health Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Umakhanth","family":"Venkatraman Girija","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leicester School of Allied Health Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1007\/s12281-012-0094-x","article-title":"Recent Taxonomic Developments with Candida and Other Opportunistic Yeasts","volume":"6","author":"Brandt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Fungal Infect. Rep."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit389","article-title":"Candida albicans Is Not Always the Preferential Yeast Colonizing Humans: A Study in Wayampi Amerindians","volume":"208","author":"Angebault","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fov088","DOI":"10.1093\/femsyr\/fov088","article-title":"Growth of Candida albicans in Human Saliva Is Supported by Low-Molecular-Mass Compounds","volume":"15","author":"Nazmi","year":"2015","journal-title":"FEMS Yeast Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4935","DOI":"10.1039\/D4TB00134F","article-title":"Drug-Loaded Adhesive Microparticles for Biofilm Prevention on Oral Surfaces","volume":"12","author":"Oh","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s12275-011-1064-7","article-title":"Candida albicans, a Major Human Fungal Pathogen","volume":"49","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2095","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.15032","article-title":"A Global View on Fungal Infections in Humans and Animals: Opportunistic Infections and Microsporidioses","volume":"131","author":"Gnat","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s40588-023-00190-w","article-title":"The Role of Host and Fungal Factors in the Commensal-To-Pathogen Transition of Candida albicans","volume":"10","author":"Jacobsen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Clin. Microbiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeise, K.D., Erb-Downward, J.R., and Huffnagle, G.B. (2025). Transcriptomic Insights into Candida albicans Adaptation to an Anaerobic Environment. Microbiol. Spectr., 13.","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.03024-24"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.11.127","article-title":"Recent Advances in Delivery of Antifungal Agents for Therapeutic Management of Candidiasis","volume":"96","author":"Sawant","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Talapko, J., Juzba\u0161i\u0107, M., Matijevi\u0107, T., Pustijanac, E., Beki\u0107, S., Kotris, I., and \u0160krlec, I. (2021). Candida albicans\u2014The Virulence Factors and Clinical Manifestations of Infection. J. Fungi, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7020079"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"195","article-title":"Candida Peritonitis","volume":"13","author":"Blot","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2016.02.022","article-title":"Oral Candidiasis","volume":"34","author":"Millsop","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"0815","article-title":"Candidiasis (Vulvovaginal)","volume":"2015","author":"Ester","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Clin. Evid."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1002\/jgh3.12528","article-title":"Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis in Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders: Underpinning the Symptoms and Pathophysiology","volume":"5","author":"Wei","year":"2021","journal-title":"JGH Open"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2023.06.019","article-title":"Ocular Candidiasis in a Tertiary Hospital in Japan: A 10-Year Single-Center Retrospective Study","volume":"29","author":"Sano","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Infect. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.4103\/ijpm.ijpm_918_21","article-title":"Isolated Bone Marrow Candidiasis in an Immunocompetent Elderly","volume":"67","author":"Dubey","year":"2023","journal-title":"Indian J. Pathol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2022.101251","article-title":"Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis and Candidiasis in a Critically Ill Patient with COVID-19","volume":"32","author":"Benedetti","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mycol. Medicale"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"myae045","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myae045","article-title":"Candida albicans\u2014A Systematic Review to Inform the World Health Organization Fungal Priority Pathogens List","volume":"62","author":"Parambath","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1086\/596757","article-title":"And Ann Arbor Veterans Administration Health Care System","volume":"48","author":"Pappas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Patel, P., and Zito, P.M. (2025, August 15). Antifungal Antibiotics, StatPearls, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK538168\/."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e428","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00692-8","article-title":"Global Incidence and Mortality of Severe Fungal Disease","volume":"24","author":"Denning","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165rv13","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3004404","article-title":"Hidden Killers: Human Fungal Infections","volume":"4","author":"Brown","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6901a2","article-title":"Candida auris Isolates Resistant to Three Classes of Antifungal Medications\u2014New York, 2019","volume":"69","author":"Ostrowsky","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.3109\/13693786.2012.690902","article-title":"Human Genetic Susceptibility to Candida Infections","volume":"50","author":"Platinga","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2014.11.006","article-title":"Preventing Invasive Candida Infections. Where Could We Do Better?","volume":"89","author":"Eggimann","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"62","article-title":"Antibiotic-Associated Gut Dysbiosis","volume":"71","author":"Ramakrishna","year":"2023","journal-title":"PubMed"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"s53","DOI":"10.1089\/sur.2006.7.s2-53","article-title":"Postoperative Fungal Infections","volume":"7","author":"Eggimann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Surg. Infect."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1315399","article-title":"Invasive Candidiasis","volume":"373","author":"Kullberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rossato, L., and Colombo, A.L. (2018). Candida auris: What Have We Learned about Its Mechanisms of Pathogenicity?. Front. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.03081"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-024-00503-3","article-title":"Invasive Candidiasis","volume":"10","author":"Kanj","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. reviews. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"e00029-17","article-title":"Candida auris: A Review of the Literature","volume":"31","author":"Taori","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.03.028","article-title":"Resistance of Candida to Azoles and Echinocandins Worldwide","volume":"25","author":"Pristov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2025, August 17). WHO Fungal Priority Pathogens List to Guide Research, Development and Public Health Action. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240060241."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1567-1364.2009.00585.x","article-title":"Candida albicans: Fundamental Research on an Opportunistic Human Pathogen","volume":"9","author":"Calderone","year":"2009","journal-title":"FEMS Yeast Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.1906.06064","article-title":"Role of Probiotics in Human Gut Microbiome-Associated Diseases","volume":"29","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alli, S.R., Gorbovskaya, I., Liu, J.C.W., Kolla, N.J., Brown, L., and M\u00fcller, D.J. (2022). The Gut Microbiome in Depression and Potential Benefit of Prebiotics, Probiotics and Synbiotics: A Systematic Review of Clinical Trials and Observational Studies. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23094494"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-021-00440-6","article-title":"The International Scientific Association of Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) Consensus Statement on the Definition and Scope of Postbiotics","volume":"18","author":"Salminen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2117508","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2022.2117508","article-title":"The Clinical Evidence for Postbiotics as Microbial Therapeutics","volume":"14","author":"Mosca","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1080\/1040841X.2020.1843400","article-title":"Candida albicans Biofilms and Polymicrobial Interactions","volume":"47","author":"Ponde","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vila, T., Sultan, A.S., Montelongo-Jauregui, D., and Jabra-Rizk, M.A. (2020). Oral Candidiasis: A Disease of Opportunity. J. Fungi, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof6010015"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cavalheiro, M., and Teixeira, M.C. (2018). Candida Biofilms: Threats, Challenges, and Promising Strategies. Front. Med., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2018.00028"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fu, J., Ding, Y., Wei, B., Wang, L., Xu, S., Qin, P., Wei, L., and Jiang, L. (2017). Epidemiology of Candida albicans and Non-C. albicans of Neonatal Candidemia at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Western China. BMC Infect. Dis., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2423-8"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng, Y., Li, S., Bing, J., Liao, W., and Tao, L. (2021). Phenotypic Switching and Filamentation in Candida haemulonii, an Emerging Opportunistic Pathogen of Humans. Microbiol. Spectr., 9.","DOI":"10.1128\/Spectrum.00779-21"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-029X.203781","article-title":"Phenotypic Switch: The Enigmatic White-Gray-Opaque Transition System of Candida albicans","volume":"21","author":"Bommanavar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2009.09.010","article-title":"White\u2013Opaque Switching in Candida albicans","volume":"12","author":"Lohse","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"foaa005","DOI":"10.1093\/femsyr\/foaa005","article-title":"Transcriptional Control of Hyphal Morphogenesis in Candida albicans","volume":"20","author":"Villa","year":"2020","journal-title":"FEMS Yeast Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soll, D. (2014). The Role of Phenotypic Switching in the Basic Biology and Pathogenesis of Candida albicans. J. Oral Microbiol., 6.","DOI":"10.3402\/jom.v6.22993"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeng, X., Zou, Y., Zheng, J., Qiu, S., Liu, L., and Wei, C. (2023). Quorum Sensing-Mediated Microbial Interactions: Mechanisms, Applications, Challenges and Perspectives. Microbiol. Res., 273.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2023.127414"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3415","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-37950-7","article-title":"Quorum Sensing as a Mechanism to Harness the Wisdom of the Crowds","volume":"14","author":"Hochberg","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.3109\/13693786.2011.610037","article-title":"Pravastatin Inhibits Farnesol Production in Candida albicans and Improves Survival in a Mouse Model of Systemic Candidiasis","volume":"50","author":"Tashiro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2154548","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2022.2154548","article-title":"From Intestinal Colonization to Systemic Infections: Candida albicans Translocation and Dissemination","volume":"14","author":"Sprague","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Czajka, K., Venkataraman, K., Brabant-Kirwan, D., Santi, S.A., Verschoor, C.P., Appanna, V.D., Singh, R., Saunders, D., and Tharmalingam, S. (2023). Molecular Mechanisms Associated with Antifungal Resistance in Pathogenic Candida Species. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12222655"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.2.668-679.2005","article-title":"Mechanisms of Azole Resistance in Clinical Isolates of Candida glabrata Collected during a Hospital Survey of Antifungal Resistance","volume":"49","author":"Sanguinetti","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Manjit Kumar, S., Nair, R., and Natarajan, K. (2017). Iron Acquisition in the Pathobiology of Candida albicans. Springer Ebooks, Springer."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barreto-Bergter, E., and Figueiredo, R.T. (2014). Fungal Glycans and the Innate Immune Recognition. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2014.00145"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bojang, E., Ghuman, H., Kumwenda, P., and Hall, R.A. (2021). Immune Sensing of Candida albicans. J. Fungi, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7020119"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.026","article-title":"TLR-2, IL-10 and IL-17-Mediated Immunity in Experimental Chemotherapy Murine Model of Systemic Candidiasis; Cyclophosphamides\u2019 Impact and Roles","volume":"119","author":"Dehghan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.191.10.1661","article-title":"Dendritic Cells Discriminate between Yeasts and Hyphae of the Fungus Candida albicans","volume":"191","author":"Bacci","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valand, N., Brunt, E., Gazioglu, O., Yesilkaya, H., Mitchell, D., Horley, N., Arroo, R., Kishore, U., Wallis, R., and Venkatraman Girija, U. (2022). Inactivation of the Complement Lectin Pathway by Candida tropicalis Secreted Aspartyl Protease-1. Immunobiology, 227.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2022.152263"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-023-00819-w","article-title":"Anti-Candida Antibodies of Patients with Invasive Candidiasis Inhibit Growth, Alter Cell Wall Structure, and Kill Candida albicans In Vitro","volume":"189","author":"Carrano","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-67452-6_11","article-title":"Candida Pathogenicity and Interplay with the Immune System","volume":"1313","author":"Valand","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2020.05.007","article-title":"I Want to Break Free\u2014Macrophage Strategies to Recognize and Kill Candida albicans, and Fungal Counter-Strategies to Escape","volume":"58","author":"Austermeier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saraswat, D., Rojas, I.G., Kumar, R., Li, R., Salvatori, O., Irimia, D., and Edgerton, M. (2025). Neutrophil swarming is crucial for limiting oral mucosal infection by Candida albicans. J. Leukoc. Biol., 117.","DOI":"10.1093\/jleuko\/qiae239"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201848054","article-title":"Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Antifungal Innate Immunity at Epithelial Barriers: The Role of C-Type Lectin Receptors","volume":"50","author":"Borriello","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaffar, N.R., Valand, N., and Venkatraman Girija, U. (2025). Candidiasis: Insights into Virulence Factors, Complement Evasion and Antifungal Drug Resistance. Microorganisms, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13020272"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valand, N., Gazioglu, O., Yesilkaya, H., Shivkumar, M., Horley, N., Arroo, R., Wallis, R., Kishore, U., and Venkatraman Girija, U. (2023). Interactions of Candida tropicalis pH-Related Antigen 1 with Complement Proteins C3, C3b, Factor-H, C4BP and Complement Evasion. Immunobiology, 228.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2022.152303"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2009.07.017","article-title":"Immune Evasion of the Human Pathogenic Yeast Candida albicans: Pra1 Is a Factor H, FHL-1 and Plasminogen Binding Surface Protein","volume":"47","author":"Luo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2020.05.006","article-title":"The Gut, the Bad and the Harmless: Candida albicans as a Commensal and Opportunistic Pathogen in the Intestine","volume":"56","author":"Kumamoto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazziotta, C., Tognon, M., Martini, F., Torreggiani, E., and Rotondo, J.C. (2023). Probiotics Mechanism of Action on Immune Cells and Beneficial Effects on Human Health. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12010184"},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"4742","article-title":"The Role of Diet on Gut Microbiota Composition","volume":"20","author":"Ianiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4565","DOI":"10.2174\/13816128113196660723","article-title":"Role of Yeasts in Healthy and Impaired Gut Microbiota: The Gut Mycome","volume":"20","author":"Ianiro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.24508","article-title":"Beyond the Gut Bacterial Microbiota: The Gut Virome","volume":"88","author":"Columpsi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azad Md, A.K., Sarker, M., Li, T., and Yin, J. (2018). Probiotic Species in the Modulation of Gut Microbiota: An Overview. BioMed Res. Int., 2018.","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/9478630"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1126\/science.147.3659.747","article-title":"Probiotics: Growth-Promoting Factors Produced by Microorganisms","volume":"147","author":"Lilly","year":"1965","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S49","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmy063","article-title":"Mechanisms of Action of Probiotics","volume":"10","author":"Gil","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21992","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202101135R","article-title":"Versatile Human in Vitro Triple Coculture Model Coincubated with Adhered Gut Microbes Reproducibly Mimics Pro-Inflammatory Host-Microbe Interactions in the Colon","volume":"35","author":"Annelore","year":"2021","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw038","article-title":"Probiotics as Antifungals in Mucosal Candidiasis","volume":"62","author":"Matsubara","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akinosoglou, K., Schinas, G., Polyzou, E., Tsiakalos, A., and Donders, G.G.G. (2024). Probiotics in the Management of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13175163"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jawhara, S. (2023). Healthy Diet and Lifestyle Improve the Gut Microbiota and Help Combat Fungal Infection. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11061556"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoffmann, C., Dollive, S., Grunberg, S., Chen, J., Li, H., Wu, G.D., Lewis, J.D., and Bushman, F.D. (2013). Archaea and Fungi of the Human Gut Microbiome: Correlations with Diet and Bacterial Residents. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0066019"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.32394\/rpzh.2019.0070","article-title":"The Influence of Diet on Gastrointestinal Candida spp. Colonization and the Susceptibility of Candida spp. To Antifungal Drugs","volume":"70","author":"Jeziorek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rocz. Pa\u0144stw. Zak\u0142. Hig."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E4485","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1415174111","article-title":"Intestinal Permeability, Gut-Bacterial Dysbiosis, and Behavioral Markers of Alcohol-Dependence Severity","volume":"111","author":"Leclercq","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta, V., and Garg, R. (2009). Probiotics. Indian J. Med. Microbiol., 27.","DOI":"10.4103\/0255-0857.53201"},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"E1","article-title":"Approach to Probiotics in Pediatrics: The Role of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG","volume":"120","author":"Burgos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Argent. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, C., Seung Won, K., Verma, R., Noh, J., John Chulhoon, P., Park, S., Lee, H., Hye Eun, P., Chan Johng, K.i.m., and Byun, S. (2024). Probiotic Consortium Confers Synergistic Anti-Inflammatory Effects in Inflammatory Disorders. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16060790"},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"665","article-title":"Clostridium butyricum Bacteremia Associated with Probiotic Use, Japan","volume":"30","author":"Matsuo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Latif, A., Shehzad, A., Niazi, S., Zahid, A., Ashraf, W., Iqbal, M.W., Rehman, A., Riaz, T., Aadil, R.M., and Khan, I. (2023). Probiotics: Mechanism of Action, Health Benefits and Their Application in Food Industries. Front. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1216674"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alp, D., and Kulea\u015fan, H. (2019). Adhesion Mechanisms of Lactic Acid Bacteria: Conventional and Novel Approaches for Testing. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 35.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-019-2730-x"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2019-17092","article-title":"Characterization and Evaluation of Lactic Acid Bacteria from Indigenous Raw Milk for Potential Probiotic Properties","volume":"103","author":"Reuben","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarita, B., Samadhan, D., Hassan, M.Z., and Kovaleva, E.G. (2025). A Comprehensive Review of Probiotics and Human Health-Current Prospective and Applications. Front. Microbiol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1487641"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fuso, A., Bancalari, E., Castellone, V., Caligiani, A., Gatti, M., and Bottari, B. (2023). Feeding Lactic Acid Bacteria with Different Sugars: Effect on Exopolysaccharides (EPS) Production and Their Molecular Characteristics. Foods, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12010215"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-89132007000300018","article-title":"Bacteriocins from Lactic Acid Bacteria: Purification, Properties and Use as Biopreservatives","volume":"50","author":"Parada","year":"2007","journal-title":"Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Segui-Perez, C., Huang, L.Z.X., Paganelli, F.L., Lievens, E., and Strijbis, K. (2025). Probiotic Bifidobacterium bifidum Strains Desialylate MUC13 and Increase Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Function. Sci. Rep., 15.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-92125-2"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuaa027","article-title":"Interactions of Microorganisms with Host Mucins: A Focus on Candida albicans","volume":"44","author":"Nobile","year":"2020","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davares, A.K.L., Arsene, M.M.J., Viktorovna, P.I., Vyacheslavovna, Y.N., Vladimirovna, Z.A., Aleksandrovna, V.E., Nikolayevich, S.A., Nadezhda, S., Anatolievna, G.O., and Nikolaevna, S.I. (2022). Quorum-Sensing Inhibitors from Probiotics as a Strategy to Combat Bacterial Cell-To-Cell Communication Involved in Food Spoilage and Food Safety. Fermentation, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/fermentation8120711"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13941","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.13941","article-title":"Review of Quorum-Quenching Probiotics: A Promising Non-Antibiotic-Based Strategy for Sustainable Aquaculture","volume":"47","author":"Lubis","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Fish Dis."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ayyappan, S.V., and Bhaskaran, K. (2022). Extracellular Lactonase-Mediated Quorum Quenching by a Novel Bacillus velezensis. FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 369.","DOI":"10.1093\/femsle\/fnac095"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weiland-Br\u00e4uer, N. (2021). Friends or Foes\u2014Microbial Interactions in Nature. Biology, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10060496"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prazdnova, E.V., Gorovtsov, A.V., Vasilchenko, N.G., Kulikov, M.P., Statsenko, V.N., Bogdanova, A.A., Refeld, A.G., Brislavskiy, Y.A., Chistyakov, V.A., and Chikindas, M.L. (2022). Quorum-Sensing Inhibition by Gram-Positive Bacteria. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10020350"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salman, M.K., Abuqwider, J., and Mauriello, G. (2023). Anti-Quorum Sensing Activity of Probiotics: The Mechanism and Role in Food and Gut Health. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11030793"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1612921114","article-title":"Aquaporin-3 Mediates Hydrogen Peroxide-Dependent Responses to Environmental Stress in Colonic Epithelia","volume":"114","author":"Thiagarajah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5803639","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/5803639","article-title":"Activation of the NF-\u039aB and MAPK Signaling Pathways Contributes to the Inflammatory Responses, but Not Cell Injury, in IPEC-1 Cells Challenged with Hydrogen Peroxide","volume":"2020","author":"Xiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sherrington, S.L., Sorsby, E., Mahtey, N., Kumwenda, P., Lenardon, M.D., Brown, I., Ballou, E.R., MacCallum, D.M., and Hall, R.A. (2017). Adaptation of Candida albicans to Environmental pH Induces Cell Wall Remodelling and Enhances Innate Immune Recognition. PLOS Pathog., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006403"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1002\/bab.1686","article-title":"Biosurfactants from Probiotic Bacteria: A Review","volume":"65","author":"Hajfarajollah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.12760","article-title":"Inhibition of Candida albicans Adhesion on Medical-Grade Silicone by a Lactobacillus-Derived Biosurfactant","volume":"118","author":"Ceresa","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_106","first-page":"492","article-title":"Clostridium butyricum Strain MIYAIRI 588 (CBM588) as a Precision Probiotic Therapy in the Ketogenic Diet: A Possible Application Microbiol","volume":"14","author":"Bertuccioli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Res."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gasaly, N., Hermoso, M.A., and Gotteland, M. (2021). Butyrate and the Fine-Tuning of Colonic Homeostasis: Implication for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22063061"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salvi, P.S., and Cowles, R.A. (2021). Butyrate and the Intestinal Epithelium: Modulation of Proliferation and Inflammation in Homeostasis and Disease. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10071775"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dalal, K.S., Patil, S.P., Pendharkar, G.B., Dalal, D.S., and Chaudhari, B.L. (2023). Reuterin: A Broad Spectrum Antimicrobial Agent and Its Applications. Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-99-2816-3_20"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ponzio, A., Rebecchi, A., Zivoli, R., and Morelli, L. (2024). Reuterin, Phenyllactic Acid, and Exopolysaccharides as Main Antifungal Molecules Produced by Lactic Acid Bacteria: A Scoping Review. Foods, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13050752"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones, S.E., and Versalovic, J. (2009). Probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri Biofilms Produce Antimicrobial and Anti-Inflammatory Factors. BMC Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-9-35"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Vuyst, L., and Vandamme, E.J. (1994). Nisin, a Lantibiotic Produced by Lactococcus lactis Subsp. lactis: Properties, Biosynthesis, Fermentation and Applications. Bacteriocins of Lactic Acid Bacteria, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-2668-1_5"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3259","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.186.10.3259-3261.2004","article-title":"Lipid II-Mediated Pore Formation by the Peptide Antibiotic Nisin: A Black Lipid Membrane Study","volume":"186","author":"Wiedemann","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niitani, Y., Ohta, K., Yano, K., Yoshino, K., Maehara, T., Honami, K., Hideo, S., Nishi, H., Nishimura, R., and Naito, M. (2025). Effects of Nisin a Combined with Antifungal Drug against Growth of Candida Species. Dent. J., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/dj13040160"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.4161\/21505594.2014.981486","article-title":"Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356 Inhibits Biofilm Formation by C. albicans and Attenuates the Experimental Candidiasis in Galleria mellonella","volume":"6","author":"Vilela","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, S., Ji, Y., Xu, S., Jia, J., Fan, B., Zhang, Y., Shen, H., and Zhou, W. (2024). Antifungal Activity of Nisin against Clinical Isolates of Azole-Resistant Candida tropicalis. Front. Microbiol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1383953"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5567","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00261-13","article-title":"Lactobacillus reuteri-Specific Immunoregulatory Gene RsiR Modulates Histamine Production and Immunomodulation by Lactobacillus reuteri","volume":"195","author":"Hemarajata","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0507.2008.01545.x","article-title":"Effects of Saccharomyces boulardii on Cytokine Secretion from Intraepithelial Lymphocytes Infected by Escherichia coli and Candida albicans","volume":"52","author":"Fidan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s12275-011-0252-9","article-title":"Inhibitory Effect of Lactobacillus reuteri on Periodontopathic and Carcinogenic Bacteria","volume":"49","author":"Kang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-015-0118-6","article-title":"Hydrogen Peroxide\u2014Production, Fate and Role in Redox Signaling of Tumor Cells","volume":"13","author":"Lennicke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mangalat, N., Liu, Y., Fatheree, N.Y., Ferris, M.J., Van Arsdall, M.R., Chen, Z., Rahbar, M.H., Gleason, W.A., Norori, J., and Tran, D.Q. (2012). Safety and Tolerability of Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 and Effects on Biomarkers in Healthy Adults: Results from a Randomized Masked Trial. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0043910"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2006.10719554","article-title":"Safety and Tolerance of a Probiotic Formula in Early Infancy Comparing Two Probiotic Agents: A Pilot Study","volume":"25","author":"Weizman","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-6915(98)00090-8","article-title":"Safety and Tolerance of Lactobacillus reuteri Supplementation to a Population Infected with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus","volume":"36","author":"Wolf","year":"1998","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.04.003","article-title":"Evaluation of Clinical Safety and Tolerance of a Lactobacillus reuteri NCIMB 30242 Supplement Capsule: A Randomized Control Trial","volume":"63","author":"Jones","year":"2012","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J\u00f8rgensen, M.R., Kragelund, C., Jensen, P.\u00d8., Keller, M.K., and Twetman, S. (2017). Probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri Has Antifungal Effects on Oral Candida Species In Vitro. J. Oral Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.1080\/20002297.2016.1274582"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, K., Huang, C., Liu, F., Zheng, J., Ou, J., Zhao, D., and Ou, S. (2022). Origin and Fate of Acrolein in Foods. Foods, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11131976"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02696-21","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02696-21","article-title":"Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. plantarum, L. rhamnosus, and L. reuteri Cell-Free Supernatants Inhibit Candida parapsilosis Pathogenic Potential upon Infection of Vaginal Epithelial Cells Monolayer and in a Transwell Coculture System in Vitro","volume":"10","author":"Spaggiari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s44280-023-00020-0","article-title":"Mechanisms of Probiotic Bacillus against Enteric Bacterial Infections","volume":"1","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"One Health Adv."},{"key":"ref_129","unstructured":"Li, P., and Gu, Q. (2018). Probiotics\u2014Current Knowledge and Future Prospects, IntechOpen."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Wu, J., Lv, M., Shao, Z., Hungwe, M., Wang, J., Bai, X., Xie, J., Wang, Y., and Geng, W. (2021). Metabolism Characteristics of Lactic Acid Bacteria and the Expanding Applications in Food Industry. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.612285"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeise, K.D., Woods, R.J., and Huffnagle, G.B. (2021). Interplay between Candida albicans and Lactic Acid Bacteria in the Gastrointestinal Tract: Impact on Colonization Resistance, Microbial Carriage, Opportunistic Infection, and Host Immunity. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 34.","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00323-20"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3355","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-023-12529-w","article-title":"Acid-Tolerant Bacteria and Prospects in Industrial and Environmental Applications","volume":"107","author":"Mallick","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00055-11","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00055-11","article-title":"The Fungal Pathogen Candida albicans Autoinduces Hyphal Morphogenesis by Raising Extracellular pH","volume":"2","author":"Vylkova","year":"2011","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ricci, L., Mackie, J., Donachie, G.E., Chapuis, A., Mezerov\u00e1, K., Lenardon, M.D., Brown, A.J.P., Duncan, S.H., and Walker, A.W. (2022). Human Gut Bifidobacteria Inhibit the Growth of the Opportunistic Fungal Pathogen Candida albicans. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 98.","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fiac095"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.62.6.1958-1963.1996","article-title":"Inhibition of Initial Adhesion of Uropathogenic Enterococcus Faecalis by Biosurfactants from Lactobacillus Isolates","volume":"62","author":"Velraeds","year":"1996","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02307-19","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02307-19","article-title":"Probiotic Yeasts Inhibit Virulence of Non-albicans Candida Species","volume":"10","author":"Kunyeit","year":"2019","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Field, D., Fernandez, M., Paul Ross, R., and Field, D. (2023). After a Century of Nisin Research, Where Are We Now and Where Are We Going?. Fems Microbiol. Rev., 47.","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuad023"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907272","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2021.1907272","article-title":"Butyrate-Producing Human Gut Symbiont, Clostridium butyricum, and Its Role in Health and Disease","volume":"13","author":"Stoeva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3118","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb44070215","article-title":"Probiotic Potential of Clostridium spp.\u2014Advantages and Doubts","volume":"44","author":"Grenda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1442-200X.2003.01671.x","article-title":"Prevention of Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea in Children by Clostridium butyricum MIYAIRI","volume":"45","author":"Seki","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatr. Int."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327115607372","article-title":"Safety Assessment of the Clostridium butyricum MIYAIRI 588\u00ae Probiotic Strain Including Evaluation of Antimicrobial Sensitivity and Presence of Clostridium Toxin Genes in Vitro and Teratogenicity In Vivo","volume":"35","author":"Isa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum. Exp. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/s005350050358","article-title":"Preventive Efficacy of Butyrate Enemas and Oral Administration of Clostridium butyricum M588 in Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Colitis in Rats","volume":"35","author":"Okamoto","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, C., Ma, K., Nie, K., Deng, M., Luo, W., Wu, X., Huang, Y., and Wang, X. (2022). Assessment of the Safety and Probiotic Properties of Roseburia Intestinalis: A Potential \u201cnext Generation Probiotic\u201d. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.973046"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gautier, T., Fahet, N., Tamanai-Shacoori, Z., Oliviero, N., Blot, M., Sauvager, A., Burel, A., Gall, S.D.-L., Tomasi, S., and Blat, S. (2022). Roseburia intestinalis Modulates PYY Expression in a New a Multicellular Model Including Enteroendocrine Cells. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10112263"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2017.09.007","article-title":"Shared Mechanisms among Probiotic Taxa: Implications for General Probiotic Claims","volume":"49","author":"Sanders","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-65.2.316","article-title":"Competitive Inhibition of Listeria Monocytogenes in Ready-To-Eat Meat Products by Lactic Acid Bacteria","volume":"65","author":"Amezquita","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_147","first-page":"441","article-title":"Anti-Candida Activity of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus R-2002 and Its Possible Application in Candidiasis Prevention","volume":"17","author":"Tigran","year":"2025","journal-title":"Iran. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-020-02053-9","article-title":"Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745: A Non-Bacterial Microorganism Used as Probiotic Agent in Supporting Treatment of Selected Diseases","volume":"77","author":"Ruszkowski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2010.02037.x","article-title":"The Effect of Saccharomyces Boulardii on Candida albicans-Infected Human Intestinal Cell Lines Caco-2 and Intestin 407","volume":"310","author":"Murzyn","year":"2010","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-023-10090-6","article-title":"Immunomodulatory Activity of Probiotics in Models of Bacterial Infections","volume":"16","author":"Dias","year":"2023","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-013-2041-4","article-title":"Prophylactic Saccharomyces boulardii versus Nystatin for the Prevention of Fungal Colonization and Invasive Fungal Infection in Premature Infants","volume":"172","author":"Demirel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31826a409c","article-title":"Evaluation of Efficacy of Probiotics in Prevention of Candida Colonization in a PICU\u2014A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"41","author":"Kumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.4103\/1947-2714.125870","article-title":"Role of Enteric Supplementation of Probiotics on Late-Onset Sepsis by Candida Species in Preterm Low Birth Weight Neonates: A Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"6","author":"Roy","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. Am. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910708600204","article-title":"Probiotics Reduce the Prevalence of Oral Candida in the Elderly\u2014A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"86","author":"Hatakka","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1590\/S0103-64402012000500011","article-title":"Effects of Probiotic Bacteria on Candida Presence and IgA Anti-Candida in the Oral Cavity of Elderly","volume":"23","author":"Santos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Braz. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1111\/jopr.12198","article-title":"A Multispecies Probiotic Reduces Oral Candida Colonization in Denture Wearers","volume":"24","author":"Ishikawa","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Prosthodont."},{"key":"ref_157","first-page":"181S186S","article-title":"Effect of Probiotic Bacteria on Oral Candida in Frail Elderly","volume":"94","author":"Keller","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_158","first-page":"361","article-title":"Lactiplantibacillus Plantarum CCFM8724 Reduces the Amounts of Oral Pathogens and Alters the Oral Microbiota in Children with Dental Caries: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"42","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Nutr. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.2008.02477.x","article-title":"Improved Treatment of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis with Fluconazole plus Probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and Lactobacillus reuteri RC-14","volume":"48","author":"Martinez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-014-9176-0","article-title":"Local Probiotic Therapy for Vaginal Candida albicans Infections","volume":"7","author":"Kovachev","year":"2014","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2022.0091","article-title":"Impact of Lactobacillus crispatus-Containing Oral and Vaginal Probiotics on Vaginal Health: A Randomised Double-Blind Placebo Controlled Clinical Trial","volume":"14","author":"Smidt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Benef. Microbes"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-013-9678-4","article-title":"Impact of Eating Probiotic Yogurt on Colonization by Candida Species of the Oral and Vaginal Mucosa in HIV-Infected and HIV-Uninfected Women","volume":"176","author":"Hu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_163","first-page":"e46314","article-title":"Unique Properties of Yeast Probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745: A Narrative Review","volume":"15","author":"Gopalan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, P., Yu, X., Chen, C., Zhao, Z., Lu, X., and Fan, Y. (2025). Efficacy of Probiotics for Oral Candidiasis Management: A Systematic Review. BMC Oral Health, 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-025-06468-3"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, R., Zhang, F., Wang, X., Long, H., and Hu, X. (2025). Evaluating the Efficacy of Probiotics in the Treatment of Oral Candida Infection: A Meta-Analysis. Complement. Med. Res., ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1159\/000547106"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Archambault, L.S., and Dongari-Bagtzoglou, A. (2022). Probiotics for Oral Candidiasis: Critical Appraisal of the Evidence and a Path Forward. Front. Oral Health, 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/froh.2022.880746"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1186\/s42269-022-00912-y","article-title":"Probiotic Viability, pH and Lactic Acid Concentration of Opened Commercial Probiotic Dairy Drinks Stored at Different Temperatures and Durations","volume":"46","author":"Liew","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bull. Natl. Res. Cent."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ftw101","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/ftw101","article-title":"Candida tropicalis Biofilm and Human Epithelium Invasion Is Highly Influenced by Environmental pH","volume":"74","author":"Ferreira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_169","unstructured":"Madangchanok, I., Simi Asma, S., Ranjith, K., and Busi, S. (2023). Factors Affecting the Composition of the Human Microbiome. Probiotics, Prebiotics, Synbiotics, and Postbiotics, Springer."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta, V.K., Paul, S., and Dutta, C. (2017). Geography, Ethnicity or Subsistence-Specific Variations in Human Microbiome Composition and Diversity. Front. Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01162"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13248","article-title":"Review Article: Dietary Fibre-Microbiota Interactions","volume":"42","author":"Simpson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Satokari, R. (2020). High Intake of Sugar and the Balance between Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Gut Bacteria. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12051348"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02566-18","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02566-18","article-title":"Dynamics of Human Gut Microbiota and Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Response to Dietary Interventions with Three Fermentable Fibers","volume":"10","author":"Baxter","year":"2019","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mataigne, N., Vannier, N., Vandenkoornhuyse, P., and Hacquard, S. (2021). Microbial Systems Ecology to Understand Cross-Feeding in Microbiomes. Front. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.780469"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naso, A.M., Lizier, M., Correale, C., Silvestri, A., Penna, G., Brescia, P., and Rescigno, M. (2025). A Multi-Strain Probiotic Formulation Preserves Intestinal Epithelial and Vascular Barriers during Enteropathogenic Infection. Front. Microbiol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1631322"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000005953","article-title":"Probiotic-Associated Central Venous Catheter Bloodstream Infections Lead to Increased Mortality in the ICU","volume":"51","author":"Mayer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1oz-Carrillo, J.L., Contreras-Cordero, J.F., Guti\u00e9rrez-Coronado, O., Villalobos-Guti\u00e9rrez, P.T., Ramos-Gracia, L.G., and Vargas-Barboza, J.M. (2021). Role of Dendritic Cells in Pathogen Infections: A Current Perspective. Cell of Interaction-Molecular and Immunological Basis for Disease Management, Intechopen. Available online: https:\/\/www.intechopen.com\/chapters\/74842.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.95551"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dempsey, E., and Corr, S.C. (2022). Lactobacillus spp. For Gastrointestinal Health: Current and Future Perspectives. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.840245"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.12691\/ajmcr-7-9-2","article-title":"Lactobacillus Bacteremia in a Critically Ill Patient","volume":"7","author":"Liaqat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-025-00722-3","article-title":"Bloodstream Infection by Lactobacillus rhamnosus in a Haematology Patient: Why Metagenomics Can Make the Difference","volume":"17","author":"Mannavola","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gut Pathog."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2016.0140","article-title":"A Review of Dose-Responses of Probiotics in Human Studies","volume":"8","author":"Ouwehand","year":"2017","journal-title":"Benef. Microbes"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cho, M.-Y., Eom, J.-H., Choi, E.-M., Yang, S.-J., Lee, D., Kim, Y.Y., Kim, H.-S., and Hwang, I. (2025). Recent Advances in Therapeutic Probiotics: Insights from Human Trials. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 38.","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00240-24"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7535","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S337427","article-title":"Advancements in the Pharmaceutical Applications of Probiotics: Dosage Forms and Formulation Technology","volume":"16","author":"Baral","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-016-1085-x","article-title":"Impact of Probiotic SYNBIO\u00ae Administered by Vaginal Suppositories in Promoting Vaginal Health of Apparently Healthy Women","volume":"73","author":"Verdenelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_185","unstructured":"FDA (2025, August 20). Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS), Available online: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/food\/food-ingredients-packaging\/generally-recognized-safe-gras."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.4103\/0255-0857.150868","article-title":"Regulatory Categories of Probiotics across the Globe: A Review Representing Existing and Recommended Categorization","volume":"33","author":"Arora","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., Wu, P., Sushil, D., Yu, A., and Chen, X.D. (2025). Impact of Freezing and Freeze Drying on Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG Survival: Mechanisms of Cell Damage and the Role of Pre-Freezing Conditions and Cryoprotectants. Foods, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14101817"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Visciglia, A., Allesina, S., Amoruso, A., De Prisco, A., Dhir, R., Bron, P.A., and Pane, M. (2022). Assessment of Shelf-Life and Metabolic Viability of a Multi-Strain Synbiotic Using Standard and Innovative Enumeration Technologies. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.989563"},{"key":"ref_189","first-page":"1663772","article-title":"Study of Viability, Storage Stability, and Shelf Life of Probiotic Instant Coffee Lactiplantibacillus plantarum subsp","volume":"2022","author":"Jannah","year":"2022","journal-title":"plantarum Dad-13 in Vacuum and Nonvacuum Packaging at Different Storage Temperatures. Int. J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahire, J.J., Rohilla, A., Kumar, V., and Tiwari, A.K. (2023). Quality Management of Probiotics: Ensuring Safety and Maximizing Health Benefits. Curr. Microbiol., 81.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-023-03526-3"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adrienn, T., Istv\u00e1n, C., Maura Fiona, J., Gergely, M., \u00c1gnes, B., S\u00e1ndor, S., and Solymosi, N. (2021). Mobile Antimicrobial Resistance Genes in Probiotics. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10111287"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1002\/fbe2.12107","article-title":"Synergistic Role of Prebiotics and Probiotics in Gut Microbiome Health: Mechanisms and Clinical Applications","volume":"3","author":"Kumari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oniszczuk, A., Oniszczuk, T., Gancarz, M., and Szyma\u0144ska, J. (2021). Role of Gut Microbiota, Probiotics and Prebiotics in the Cardiovascular Diseases. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26041172"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-021-11646-8","article-title":"Probiotics, Prebiotics and Synbiotics: Safe Options for Next-Generation Therapeutics","volume":"106","author":"Yadav","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000000723","article-title":"Effect of Chicory-Derived Inulin on Abdominal Sensations and Bowel Motor Function","volume":"51","author":"Azpiroz","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-318424","article-title":"Dietary Supplementation with Inulin-Propionate Ester or Inulin Improves Insulin Sensitivity in Adults with Overweight and Obesity with Distinct Effects on the Gut Microbiota, Plasma Metabolome and Systemic Inflammatory Responses: A Randomised Cross-over Trial","volume":"68","author":"Chambers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmab119","article-title":"The Prebiotic Potential of Inulin-Type Fructans: A Systematic Review","volume":"13","author":"Hughes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2025.112285","article-title":"Imo-Induced Changes in Gut Hormones and Glucose Metabolism: A Key to Improving Insulin Sensitivity in Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"226","author":"Naseem","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schropp, N., Stanislas, V., Michels, K.B., and Thriene, K. (2023). How Do Prebiotics Affect Human Intestinal Bacteria?\u2014Assessment of Bacterial Growth with Inulin and XOS In Vitro. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241612796"},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valladares-Diestra, K.K., de Souza Vandenberghe, L.P., Vieira, S., Goyzueta-Mamani, L.D., de Mattos, P.B.G., Manzoki, M.C., Soccol, V.T., and Soccol, C.R. (2023). The Potential of Xylooligosaccharides as Prebiotics and Their Sustainable Production from Agro-Industrial By-Products. Foods, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12142681"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gomez Quintero, D.F., Kok, C.R., and Hutkins, R. (2022). The Future of Synbiotics: Rational Formulation and Design. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.919725"},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scott, E., De Paepe, K., and Van de Wiele, T. (2022). Postbiotics and Their Health Modulatory Biomolecules. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12111640"},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.35732\/ctlabp.2021.7.1.1","article-title":"Bacteriocins of Lactic Acid Bacteria and Their Industrial Application","volume":"7","author":"Timothy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Lact. Acid Bact. Probiotics"},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.17305\/bb.2023.9324","article-title":"Biosurfactant Derived from Probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus Exhibits Broad-Spectrum Antibiofilm Activity and Inhibits the Quorum Sensing-Regulated Virulence","volume":"23","author":"Adnan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomol. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Min, U., Jin, Y.-J., Jang, Y.J., Lim, J., and Kim, B.-Y. (2024). Personalized Probiotic Strategy Considering Bowel Habits: Impacts on Gut Microbiota Composition and Alleviation of Gastrointestinal Symptoms via Consti-Biome and Sensi-Biome. Front. Nutr., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1302093"},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Fakhrany, O.M., and Elekhnawy, E. (2024). Next-Generation Probiotics: The Upcoming Biotherapeutics. Mol. Biol. Rep., 51.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-024-09398-5"},{"key":"ref_207","first-page":"32","article-title":"Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Towards a Model for Personalised Nutritional Therapy","volume":"1","author":"Brown","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr. Med. J."}],"container-title":["Journal of Fungi"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2309-608X\/11\/11\/779\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T04:25:34Z","timestamp":1761798334000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2309-608X\/11\/11\/779"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]},"references-count":207,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["jof11110779"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jof11110779","relation":{},"ISSN":["2309-608X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2309-608X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]}}}