{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T11:39:01Z","timestamp":1784547541160,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":204,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]],"date-time":"2025-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766188800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Secretar\u00eda de Ciencia, Humanidades, Tecnolog\u00eda, e Innovaci\u00f3n","award":["Ciencia de Frontera 2019-6380"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Ciencia de Frontera 2019-6380"]}]},{"name":"Secretar\u00eda de Ciencia, Humanidades, Tecnolog\u00eda, e Innovaci\u00f3n","award":["CBF2023-2024-655"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CBF2023-2024-655"]}]},{"name":"Red Tem\u00e1tica Glicociencia en Salud","award":["CONACYT-M\u00e9xico"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CONACYT-M\u00e9xico"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PQ-CNPq 308986\/2022-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PQ-CNPq 308986\/2022-9"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"REDE MICOLOGIA RJ","award":["REDE MICOLOGIA RJ"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["REDE MICOLOGIA RJ"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sporothrix schenckii is a thermodimorphic fungus and one of the main etiological agents of sporotrichosis, a globally distributed subcutaneous mycosis that primarily affects the skin, subcutaneous tissue, and lymphatic system. Historically regarded as the classical species within the Sporothrix pathogenic clade, S. schenckii remains a clinically relevant pathogen and an important biological model for studying fungal dimorphism, virulence, and host\u2013pathogen interactions. Major virulence factors include melanin production, thermotolerance, hydrolytic enzymes, and adhesins, all of which contribute to its survival and dissemination within the host. Clinically, S. schenckii causes a broad spectrum of manifestations ranging from fixed and lymphocutaneous cutaneous forms to disseminated and extracutaneous infections, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. This species exhibits a cosmopolitan distribution with endemic foci in the Americas, Asia, and Africa, and can be transmitted through both sapronotic and zoonotic routes. Diagnosis relies on fungal isolation, molecular identification, and histopathological examination, whereas treatment mainly involves itraconazole, potassium iodide, and amphotericin B for severe cases. This review integrates current knowledge on the biology, virulence, immune response, epidemiology, and treatment of S. schenckii, providing an updated overview of its significance as a medically important fungal pathogen with global relevance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof12010004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T11:30:18Z","timestamp":1766489418000},"page":"4","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Current Insights into Sporothrix schenckii: From Basic Biology to Virulence Mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Manuela","family":"G\u00f3mez-Gaviria","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda, Divisi\u00f3n de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s\/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato 36050, Guanajuato, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dario A.","family":"Baruch-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda, Divisi\u00f3n de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s\/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato 36050, Guanajuato, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8436-292X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nath\u00e1lia Faria","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Microorganism Research, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Campus Valonguinho-Alameda Barros Terra, S\/N, Niter\u00f3i 24020-150, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0461-7521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9a Regina de Souza","family":"Baptista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Microorganism Research, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Campus Valonguinho-Alameda Barros Terra, S\/N, Niter\u00f3i 24020-150, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6973-0595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H\u00e9ctor M.","family":"Mora-Montes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda, Divisi\u00f3n de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s\/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato 36050, Guanajuato, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mora-Montes, H.M., and Lopes-Bezerra, L.M. (2017). Sporothrix and sporotrichosis. Current Progress in Medical Mycology, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-64113-3"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.10.157","article-title":"Sporothrix schenckii complex and sporotrichosis, an emerging health problem","volume":"6","author":"Toriello","year":"2011","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.simyco.2016.07.001","article-title":"The divorce of Sporothrix and Ophiostoma: Solution to a problematic relationship","volume":"83","author":"Duong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stud. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myu062","article-title":"Global epidemiology of sporotrichosis","volume":"53","author":"Chakrabarti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fov065","DOI":"10.1093\/femsyr\/fov065","article-title":"Current progress in the biology of members of the Sporothrix schenckii complex following the genomic era","volume":"15","year":"2015","journal-title":"FEMS Yeast Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2019.100908","article-title":"Sporotrichosis caused by Sporothrix brasiliensis in Argentina: Case report, molecular identification and in vitro susceptibility pattern to antifungal drugs","volume":"30","author":"Etchecopaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mycol. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xavier, M.O., Poester, V.R., Tr\u00e1paga, M.R., and Stevens, D.A. (2023). Sporothrix brasiliensis: Epidemiology, therapy, and recent developments. J. Fungi, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof9090921"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mora-Montes, H.M. (2022). Special Issue \u201cSporothrix and Sporotrichosis 2.0\u201d. J. Fungi, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8080821"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/s42770-020-00365-3","article-title":"Guideline for the management of feline sporotrichosis caused by Sporothrix brasiliensis and literature revision","volume":"52","author":"Montenegro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165rv113","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3004404","article-title":"Hidden killers: Human fungal infections","volume":"4","author":"Brown","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mora-Montes, H.M. (2018). Special Issue \u201cSporothrix and Sporotrichosis\u201d. J. Fungi, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof4040116"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Castro, R., Pinto-Almaz\u00e1n, R., Arenas, R., S\u00e1nchez-C\u00e1rdenas, C.D., Espinosa-Hern\u00e1ndez, V.M., Sierra-Maeda, K.Y., Conde-Cuevas, E., Ju\u00e1rez-Dur\u00e1n, E.R., Xicohtencatl-Cortes, J., and Carrillo-Casas, E.M. (2022). Epidemiology of clinical sporotrichosis in the Americas in the last ten years. J. Fungi, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8060588"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2352","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.081794-0","article-title":"Sporothrix schenckii complex biology: Environment and fungal pathogenicity","volume":"160","author":"Portuondo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3198","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00808-07","article-title":"Sporothrix brasiliensis, S. globosa, and S. mexicana, three new Sporothrix species of clinical interest","volume":"45","author":"Marimon","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e200","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir245","article-title":"Treatment of cutaneous sporotrichosis with Itraconazole\u2014Study of 645 patients","volume":"52","author":"Schubach","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1590\/abd1806-4841.2017279","article-title":"Sporotrichosis: An update on epidemiology, etiopathogenesis, laboratory and clinical therapeutics","volume":"92","author":"Macedo","year":"2017","journal-title":"An. Bras. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodrigues, A.M., de Hoog, G.S., de C\u00e1ssia Pires, D., Brihante, R.S., Sidrim, J.J., Gadelha, M.F., Colombo, A.L., and de Camargo, Z.P. (2014). Genetic diversity and antifungal susceptibility profiles in causative agents of sporotrichosis. BMC Infect. Dis., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-14-219"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.2174\/1389203720666191007103004","article-title":"Virulence factors in Sporothrix schenckii, one of the causative agents of sporotrichosis","volume":"21","author":"Romeo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Protein Pept. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.5.1.77","article-title":"Refractory subcutaneous abscesses caused by Sporothrix schenckii. A new pathogenic fungus","volume":"5","author":"Hektoen","year":"1900","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780801992837","article-title":"Sporothrix luriei: A rare fungus from clinical origin","volume":"46","author":"Marimon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00007-11","article-title":"Sporothrix schenckii and sporotrichosis","volume":"24","author":"Barros","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S126","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myx103","article-title":"Sporotrichosis between 1898 and 2017: The evolution of knowledge on a changeable disease and on emerging etiological agents","volume":"56","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1893","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2510.190700","article-title":"Sporotrichosis in the highlands of Madagascar, 2013\u201320171","volume":"25","author":"Rasamoelina","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mmcr.2020.01.002","article-title":"Sporotrichosis: The case series in Thailand and literature review in Southeast Asia","volume":"27","author":"Tovikkai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Mycol. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1590\/S0001-37652006000200009","article-title":"Sporothrix schenckii and sporotrichosis","volume":"78","author":"Schubach","year":"2006","journal-title":"An. Acad. Bras. Ci\u00eancias"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodriguez-Caban, J., Gonzalez-Velazquez, W., Perez-Sanchez, L., Gonzalez-Mendez, R., and Rodriguez-del Valle, N. (2011). Calcium\/calmodulin kinase1 and its relation to thermotolerance and HSP90 in Sporothrix schenckii: An RNAi and yeast two-hybrid study. BMC Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-11-162"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valent\u00edn-Berr\u00edos, S., Gonz\u00e1lez-Vel\u00e1zquez, W., P\u00e9rez-S\u00e1nchez, L., Gonz\u00e1lez-M\u00e9ndez, R., and Rodr\u00edguez-Del Valle, N. (2009). Cytosolic phospholipase A2: A member of the signalling pathway of a new G protein \u03b1 subunit in Sporothrix schenckii. BMC Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-9-100"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s12281-012-0109-7","article-title":"Role of the fungal cell wall in pathogenesis and antifungal resistance","volume":"6","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Fungal Infect. Rep."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Carnero, L.C., Salinas-Mar\u00edn, R., Lozoya-P\u00e9rez, N.E., Wrobel, K., Wrobel, K., Mart\u00ednez-Duncker, I., Ni\u00f1o-Vega, G.A., and Mora-Montes, H.M. (2021). The Heat shock protein 60 and Pap1 participate in the Sporothrix schenckii-host interaction. J. Fungi, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7110960"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopes-Bezerra, L.M. (2011). Sporothrix schenckii cell wall peptidorhamnomannans. Front. Microbiol., 2.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2011.00243"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Ram\u00edrez, L.A., Mart\u00ednez-\u00c1lvarez, J.A., Mart\u00ednez-Duncker, I., Lozoya-P\u00e9rez, N.E., and Mora-Montes, H.M. (2024). Silencing of Sporothrix schenckii GP70 reveals its contribution to fungal adhesion, virulence, and the host-fungus interaction. J. Fungi, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof10050302"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez-Gaviria, M., Mart\u00ednez-\u00c1lvarez, J.A., Mart\u00ednez-Duncker, I., Baptista, A.R.S., and Mora-Montes, H.M. (2025). Silencing of MNT1 and PMT2 shows the importance of O-linked glycosylation during the Sporothrix schenckii-host interaction. J. Fungi, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof11050352"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Ram\u00edrez, L.A., Mart\u00ednez-Duncker, I., M\u00e1rquez-M\u00e1rquez, A., Vargas-Mac\u00edas, A.P., and Mora-Montes, H.M. (2022). Silencing of ROT2, the encoding gene of the endoplasmic reticulum glucosidase II, affects the cell wall and the Sporothrix schenckii-host interaction. J. Fungi, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8111220"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"67","article-title":"Silencing of OCH1 unveils the role of Sporothrix schenckii N-linked glycans during the host-fungus interaction","volume":"12","author":"Jannuzzi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castro, R.A., Kubitschek-Barreira, P.H., Teixeira, P.A.C., Sanches, G.F., Teixeira, M.M., Quintella, L.P., Almeida, S.R., Costa, R.O., Camargo, Z.P., and Felipe, M.S.S. (2013). Differences in cell morphometry, cell wall topography and Gp70 expression correlate with the virulence of Sporothrix brasiliensis clinical isolates. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0075656"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2014.11.013","article-title":"Immunoproteomic analysis reveals a convergent humoral response signature in the Sporothrix schenckii complex","volume":"115","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb-2018-0295","article-title":"Analysis of some immunogenic properties of the recombinant Sporothrix schenckii Gp70 expressed in Escherichia coli","volume":"14","author":"Antonio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lozoya-P\u00e9rez, N.E., Clavijo-Giraldo, D.M., Mart\u00ednez-Duncker, I., Garc\u00eda-Carnero, L.C., L\u00f3pez-Ram\u00edrez, L.A., Ni\u00f1o-Vega, G.A., and Mora-Montes, H.M. (2020). Influences of the culturing media in the virulence and cell wall of Sporothrix schenckii, Sporothrix brasiliensis, and Sporothrix globosa. J. Fungi, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof6040323"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villalobos-Duno, H.L., Barreto, L.A., Alvarez-Aular, \u00c1., Mora-Montes, H.M., Lozoya-P\u00e9rez, N.E., Franco, B., Lopes-Bezerra, L.M., and Ni\u00f1o-Vega, G.A. (2021). Comparison of cell wall polysaccharide composition and structure between strains of Sporothrix schenckii and Sporothrix brasiliensis. Front. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.726958"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopes-Bezerra, L.M., Walker, L.A., Ni\u00f1o-Vega, G., Mora-Montes, H.M., Neves, G.W.P., Villalobos-Duno, H., Barreto, L., Garcia, K., Franco, B., and Mart\u00ednez-\u00c1lvarez, J.A. (2018). Cell walls of the dimorphic fungal pathogens Sporothrix schenckii and Sporothrix brasiliensis exhibit bilaminate structures and sloughing of extensive and intact layers. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006169"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-\u00c1lvarez, J.A., P\u00e9rez-Garc\u00eda, L.A., Mellado-Mojica, E., L\u00f3pez, M.G., Mart\u00ednez-Duncker, I., L\u00f3pes-Bezerra, L.M., and Mora-Montes, H.M. (2017). Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto and Sporothrix brasiliensis are differentially recognized by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Front. Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00843"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teixeira, M.M., de Almeida, L.G., Kubitschek-Barreira, P., Alves, F.L., Kioshima, E.S., Abadio, A.K., Fernandes, L., Derengowski, L.S., Ferreira, K.S., and Souza, R.C. (2014). Comparative genomics of the major fungal agents of human and animal sporotrichosis: Sporothrix schenckii and Sporothrix brasiliensis. BMC Genom., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-15-943"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferreira, B.H., Ram\u00edrez-Prado, J.H., Neves, G.W.P., Torrado, E., Sampaio, P., Felipe, M.S.S., Vasconcelos, A.T., Goldman, G.H., Carvalho, A., and Cunha, C. (2019). Ploidy determination in the pathogenic fungus Sporothrix spp. Front. Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00284"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S1130-1406(05)70001-2","article-title":"Genes and molecules involved in Aspergillus fumigatus virulence","volume":"22","author":"Rementeria","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rev. Iberoam. Micol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(05)80360-2","article-title":"Basic local alignment search tool","volume":"215","author":"Altschul","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3730","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.029439-0","article-title":"Cell surface expression of adhesins for fibronectin correlates with virulence in Sporothrix schenckii","volume":"155","author":"Teixeira","year":"2009","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"212308","article-title":"Phenotypic characteristics associated with virulence of clinical isolates from the Sporothrix complex","volume":"2015","author":"Oliveira","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-879X1999000500020","article-title":"Adhesion of the human pathogen Sporothrix schenckii to several extracellular matrix proteins","volume":"32","author":"Lima","year":"1999","journal-title":"Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2004.06.005","article-title":"Immunofluorescence and flow cytometry analysis of fibronectin and laminin binding to Sporothrix schenckii yeast cells and conidia","volume":"37","author":"Lima","year":"2004","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780802165789","article-title":"Isolation and some properties of a glycoprotein of 70 kDa (Gp70) from the cell wall of Sporothrix schenckii involved in fungal adherence to dermal extracellular matrix","volume":"47","author":"Toriello","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almeida, S.R. (2012). Therapeutic monoclonal antibody for sporotrichosis. Front. Microbiol., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00409"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46652009000100001","article-title":"Excretion-secretion products and proteases from live Sporothrix schenckii yeast phase: Immunological detection and cleavage of human IgG","volume":"51","author":"Gezuele","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valle-Aviles, L., Valentin-Berrios, S., Gonzalez-Mendez, R.R., and Rodriguez-Del Valle, N. (2007). Functional, genetic and bioinformatic characterization of a calcium\/calmodulin kinase gene in Sporothrix schenckii. BMC Microbiol., 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-7-107"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14001","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.14001","article-title":"Moonlighting proteins in medically relevant fungi","volume":"10","year":"2022","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(98)01321-3","article-title":"The INT1 of Candida albicans","volume":"6","author":"Calderone","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.5.1.140-147.2006","article-title":"Candida albicans Ecm33p is important for normal cell wall architecture and interactions with host cells","volume":"5","author":"Park","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eukaryot. Cell"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sandini, S., Stringaro, A., Arancia, S., Colone, M., Mondello, F., Murtas, S., Girolamo, A., Mastrangelo, N., and De Bernardis, F. (2011). The MP65 gene is required for cell wall integrity, adherence to epithelial cells and biofilm formation in Candida albicans. BMC Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-11-106"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cwt032","article-title":"N-Glycosylation of Gel1 or Gel2 is vital for cell wall \u03b2-glucan synthesis in Aspergillus fumigatus","volume":"23","author":"Zhao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glycobiology"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16211","DOI":"10.1038\/nmicrobiol.2016.211","article-title":"Aspergillus fumigatus CalA binds to integrin \u03b1(5)\u03b2(1) and mediates host cell invasion","volume":"2","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Millet, N., Latg\u00e9, J.P., and Mouyna, I. (2018). Members of glycosyl-hydrolase family 17 of A. fumigatus differentially affect morphogenesis. J. Fungi, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof4010018"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.2.6.1336-1349.2003","article-title":"Cryptococcus neoformans gene expression during experimental cryptococcal meningitis","volume":"2","author":"Steen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eukaryot. Cell"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myx043","article-title":"Antifungal susceptibility of Sporothrix schenckii complex biofilms","volume":"56","author":"Brilhante","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myaa027","article-title":"Analysis of biofilm formation by Sporothrix schenckii","volume":"59","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dos Santos, G.M.P., Borba-Santos, L.P., Vila, T., Ferreira Gremi\u00e3o, I.D., Pereira, S.A., De Souza, W., and Rozental, S. (2022). Sporothrix spp. biofilms impact in the zoonotic transmission route: Feline claws associated biofilms, itraconazole tolerance, and potential repurposing for miltefosine. Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11020206"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2021.12285","article-title":"Map of dimorphic switching-related signaling pathways in Sporothrix schenckii based on its transcriptome","volume":"24","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s10123-020-00136-y","article-title":"Transcriptome analysis of dimorphic fungus Sporothrix schenckii exposed to temperature stress","volume":"24","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"721","article-title":"Two-component histidine kinase DRK1 is required for pathogenesis in Sporothrix schenckii","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7600195","article-title":"Hgc1, a novel hypha-specific G1 cyclin-related protein regulates Candida albicans hyphal morphogenesis","volume":"23","author":"Zheng","year":"2004","journal-title":"Embo J."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00357-07","article-title":"Candida albicans Tup1 is involved in farnesol-mediated inhibition of filamentous-growth induction","volume":"7","author":"Kebaara","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eukaryot. Cell"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kornitzer, D. (2019). Regulation of Candida albicans Hyphal Morphogenesis by Endogenous Signals. J. Fungi, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof5010021"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Magditch, D.A., Liu, T.B., Xue, C., and Idnurm, A. (2012). DNA mutations mediate microevolution between host-adapted forms of the pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans. PLoS Pathog., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002936"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e82563","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.82563","article-title":"The RAM signaling pathway links morphology, thermotolerance, and CO(2) tolerance in the global fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans","volume":"11","author":"Chadwick","year":"2022","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2005.00001.x","article-title":"Fungal heat-shock proteins in human disease","volume":"30","author":"Burnie","year":"2006","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gong, Y., Li, T., Yu, C., and Sun, S. (2017). Candida albicans heat shock proteins and Hsps-associated signaling pathways as potential antifungal targets. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00520"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0162723","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01627-23","article-title":"The heat shock transcription factor HsfA plays a role in membrane lipids biosynthesis connecting thermotolerance and unsaturated fatty acid metabolism in Aspergillus fumigatus","volume":"11","author":"Fabri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fabri, J.H.T.M., Rocha, M.C., Fernandes, C.M., Persinoti, G.F., Ries, L.N.A., Cunha, A.F.d., Goldman, G.H., Del Poeta, M., and Malavazi, I. (2021). The heat shock transcription factor HsfA is essential for thermotolerance and regulates cell wall integrity in Aspergillus fumigatus. Front. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.656548"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00006-11","article-title":"Ccr4 promotes resolution of the endoplasmic reticulum stress response during host temperature adaptation in Cryptococcus neoformans","volume":"10","author":"Havel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eukaryot. Cell"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.aambs.2014.12.002","article-title":"Candida survival strategies","volume":"91","author":"Polke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.riam.2017.05.003","article-title":"Proteases of Sporothrix schenckii: Cytopathological effects on a host-cell model","volume":"35","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Iberoam. Micol."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"33","article-title":"Comparison of lipolytic activity of Sporothrix schenckii strains utilizing olive oil-rhodamine B and tween 80","volume":"11","author":"Carissimi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Tecno L\u00f3gica"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4104","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.169.9.4104-4109.1987","article-title":"Isolation and properties of extracellular proteinases from Sporothrix schenckii","volume":"169","author":"Tsuboi","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3049","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI32294","article-title":"Targeted gene deletion in Candida parapsilosis demonstrates the role of secreted lipase in virulence","volume":"117","author":"Trofa","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3950","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms12063950","article-title":"A novel cold-active lipase from Candida albicans: Cloning, expression and characterization of the recombinant enzyme","volume":"12","author":"Lan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0507.2005.01165.x","article-title":"Hydrolytic enzymes as virulence factors of Candida albicans","volume":"48","author":"Schaller","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ikeda, M.A.K., de Almeida, J.R.F., Jannuzzi, G.P., Cronemberger-Andrade, A., Torrecilhas, A.C.T., Moretti, N.S., da Cunha, J.P.C., de Almeida, S.R., and Ferreira, K.S. (2018). Extracellular vesicles from Sporothrix brasiliensis are an important virulence factor that induce an increase in fungal burden in experimental sporotrichosis. Front. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02286"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00514","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00514-17","article-title":"Proteins potentially involved in immune evasion strategies in Sporothrix brasiliensis elucidated by ultra-high-resolution mass spectrometry","volume":"3","author":"Rossato","year":"2018","journal-title":"Msphere"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.13.4.708","article-title":"Pathogenic roles for fungal melanins","volume":"13","author":"Jacobson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-024-02614-8","article-title":"Melanin in fungi: Advances in structure, biosynthesis, regulation, and metabolic engineering","volume":"23","author":"Qin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbial Cell Factories"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almeida-Paes, R., Figueiredo-Carvalho, M.H.G., Brito-Santos, F., Almeida-Silva, F., Oliveira, M.M.E., and Zancop\u00e9-Oliveira, R.M. (2016). Melanins protect Sporothrix brasiliensis and Sporothrix schenckii from the antifungal effects of terbinafine. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0152796"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4026","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.7.4026-4033.2003","article-title":"Synthesis of melanin-like pigments by Sporothrix schenckii in vitro and during mammalian infection","volume":"71","author":"Youngchim","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.23112","article-title":"Characterization of virulence profile, protein secretion and immunogenicity of different Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto isolates compared with S. globosa and S. brasiliensis species","volume":"4","author":"Fernandes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galv\u00e1n-Hern\u00e1ndez, A.K., G\u00f3mez-Gaviria, M., Mart\u00ednez-Duncker, I., Mart\u00ednez-\u00c1lvarez, J.A., and Mora-Montes, H.M. (2023). Differential recognition of clinically relevant Sporothrix species by human granulocytes. J. Fungi, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof9100986"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2010.05.002","article-title":"Chitin synthesis and fungal pathogenesis","volume":"13","author":"Lenardon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.riam.2013.09.015","article-title":"The immune response against Candida spp. and Sporothrix schenckii","volume":"31","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Iberoam. Micol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kirkland, T.N., and Fierer, J. (2020). Innate immune receptors and defense against primary pathogenic fungi. Vaccines, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8020303"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4817","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S419629","article-title":"Differential recognition of Sporothrix schenckii, Sporothrix brasiliensis, and Sporothrix globosa by human monocyte-derived macrophages and dendritic cells","volume":"16","year":"2023","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2022.104555","article-title":"Differential recognition and cytokine induction by the peptidorhamnomannan from Sporothrix brasiliensis and S. schenckii","volume":"378","author":"Kischkel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Immunol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100058","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcsw.2021.100058","article-title":"Disruption of protein rhamnosylation affects the Sporothrix schenckii-host interaction","volume":"7","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Surf."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Carnero, L.C., Mart\u00ednez-Duncker, I., G\u00f3mez-Gaviria, M., and Mora-Montes, H.M. (2023). Differential recognition of clinically relevant Sporothrix species by human mononuclear cells. J. Fungi, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof9040448"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda Carnero, L.C., Lozoya P\u00e9rez, N.E., Gonz\u00e1lez Hern\u00e1ndez, S.E., and Mart\u00ednez \u00c1lvarez, J.A. (2018). Immunity and treatment of sporotrichosis. J. Fungi, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof4030100"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2009.03118.x","article-title":"Response of macrophage Toll-like receptor 4 to a Sporothrix schenckii lipid extract during experimental sporotrichosis","volume":"128","author":"Saturi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-013-9663-y","article-title":"The predominance of alternatively activated macrophages following challenge with cell wall peptide-polysaccharide after prior infection with Sporothrix schenckii","volume":"176","author":"Alegranci","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.3109\/08820139.2012.719982","article-title":"Role of TLR-2 and fungal surface antigens on innate immune response against Sporothrix schenckii","volume":"42","author":"Negrini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunol. Investig."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-012-9523-1","article-title":"Immune response against Sporothrix schenckii in TLR-4-deficient mice","volume":"174","author":"Ferreira","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2009.01.003","article-title":"Pattern recognition: Recent insights from Dectin-1","volume":"21","author":"Reid","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2011.02636.x","article-title":"Antibodies against Sporothrix schenckii enhance TNF-\u03b1 production and killing by macrophages","volume":"75","author":"Nascimento","year":"2012","journal-title":"Scand. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, L., Zhang, J., Du, W., Liang, Z., Li, M., Wu, R., Chen, S., Hu, X., and Huang, H. (2021). Chitin-rich heteroglycan from Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto potentiates fungal clearance in a mouse model of sporotrichosis and promotes macrophages phagocytosis. BMC Microbiol., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-021-02243-w"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-015-9966-2","article-title":"Response of cytokines and hydrogen peroxide to Sporothrix schenckii exoantigen in systemic experimental infection","volume":"181","author":"Maia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2007.02712.x","article-title":"Detrimental role of endogenous nitric oxide in host defence against Sporothrix schenckii","volume":"123","author":"Fernandes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3696","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.6.3696-3703.2000","article-title":"Biosynthesis and functions of melanin in Sporothrix schenckii","volume":"68","author":"Wheeler","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2012.06.001","article-title":"Phagocytic receptors on macrophages distinguish between different Sporothrix schenckii morphotypes","volume":"14","year":"2012","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Miranda, L.H.M., Santiago, M.A., Frankenfeld, J., Reis, E.G.D., Menezes, R.C., Pereira, S.A., Gremi\u00e3o, I.D.F., Hofmann-Lehmann, R., and Concei\u00e7\u00e3o-Silva, F. (2024). Neutrophil oxidative burst profile is related to a satisfactory response to itraconazole and clinical cure in feline sporotrichosis. J. Fungi, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof10060422"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2012.04.006","article-title":"Dendritic cell are able to differentially recognize Sporothrix schenckii antigens and promote Th1\/Th17 response in vitro","volume":"217","author":"Verdan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxl097","article-title":"Differential induction of Th1-prone immunity by human dendritic cells activated with Sporothrix schenckii of cutaneous and visceral origins to determine their different virulence","volume":"18","author":"Uenotsuchi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006803832164","article-title":"Isolation of ergosterol peroxide and its reversion to ergosterol in the pathogenic fungus Sporothrix schenckii","volume":"139","author":"Sgarbi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2478(02)00210-9","article-title":"Toll-like receptor-4 is involved in eliciting an LPS-induced oxidative burst in neutrophils","volume":"85","author":"Remer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myu049","article-title":"Therapeutic vaccine using a monoclonal antibody against a 70-kDa glycoprotein in mice infected with highly virulent Sporothrix schenckii and Sporothrix brasiliensis","volume":"53","author":"Kaihami","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2015.10.005","article-title":"A cell wall protein-based vaccine candidate induce protective immune response against Sporothrix schenckii infection","volume":"221","author":"Portuondo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.riam.2013.09.017","article-title":"Cell wall proteins of Sporothrix schenckii as immunoprotective agents","volume":"31","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Iberoam. Micol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S170337","article-title":"Current trends to control fungal pathogens: Exploiting our knowledge in the host-pathogen interaction","volume":"11","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1007\/s12281-013-0140-3","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis: What are the options?","volume":"7","author":"Bonifaz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Fungal Infect. Rep."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3767\/003158515X687416","article-title":"Phylogeography and evolutionary patterns in Sporothrix spanning more than 14 000 human and animal case reports","volume":"35","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Persoonia"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodrigues, A.M., de Hoog, G.S., and de Camargo, Z.P. (2016). Sporothrix species causing outbreaks in animals and humans driven by animal-animal transmission. PLoS Pathog., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005638"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gremi\u00e3o, I.D.F., Miranda, L.H.M., Reis, E.G., Rodrigues, A.M., and Pereira, S.A. (2017). Zoonotic epidemic of sporotrichosis: Cat to human transmission. PLoS Pathog., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006077"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s42770-021-00658-1","article-title":"The historical burden of sporotrichosis in Brazil: A systematic review of cases reported from 1907 to 2020","volume":"53","author":"Rabello","year":"2022","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Govender, N.P., Maphanga, T.G., Zulu, T.G., Patel, J., Walaza, S., Jacobs, C., Ebonwu, J.I., Ntuli, S., Naicker, S.D., and Thomas, J. (2015). An outbreak of lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis among mine-workers in South Africa. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004096"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2004.07.001","article-title":"Disseminated Sporothix schenckii in a patient with AIDS","volume":"51","author":"Hardman","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780500035904","article-title":"Multifocal sporotrichosis with meningeal involvement in a patient with AIDS","volume":"43","author":"Maneira","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1590\/S0037-86822002000600018","article-title":"Disseminated cutaneous sporotrichosis in a patient with AIDS: Report of a case","volume":"35","author":"Carvalho","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46652009000400012","article-title":"Spontaneous resolution of zoonotic sporotrichosis during pregnancy","volume":"51","author":"Almeida","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mmcr.2016.04.001","article-title":"Sporotrichosis as an unusual case of osteomyelitis: A case report and review of the literature","volume":"11","author":"Lederer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Mycol. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1086\/313607","article-title":"Sporotrichosis in Peru: Description of an area of hyperendemicity","volume":"30","author":"Pappas","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2012.05849.x","article-title":"Epidemiology of sporotrichosis in Venezuela","volume":"52","author":"Delgado","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2050313x20919600","DOI":"10.1177\/2050313X20919600","article-title":"A case of sporotrichosis infection mimicking pyoderma gangrenosum and the role of tissue culture in diagnosis: A case report","volume":"8","author":"Tai","year":"2020","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s42770-020-00387-x","article-title":"Sporotrichosis in Mexico","volume":"52","author":"Toriello","year":"2021","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.7705\/biomedica.6898","article-title":"Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Colombian clinical isolates of Sporothrix spp.","volume":"43","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomedica"},{"key":"ref_137","first-page":"153","article-title":"Global ITS diversity in the Sporothrix schenckii complex","volume":"66","author":"Zhou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fungal Divers."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1997.00440370135014","article-title":"Spook house sporotrichosis: A point-source outbreak of sporotrichosis associated with hay bale props in a halloween haunted house","volume":"157","author":"Dooley","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-020-00463-8","article-title":"Atypical sporotrichosis related to Sporothrix mexicana","volume":"185","author":"Bonifaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e77","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.14533","article-title":"Cutaneous disseminated sporotrichosis: Clinical experience of 24 cases","volume":"32","author":"Bonifaz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"myaf073","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myaf073","article-title":"Phenotypic immunological profiling and antifungal susceptibility of Sporothrix schenckii clinical isolates from a hyperendemic region in western Mexico","volume":"63","year":"2025","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_142","first-page":"228","article-title":"Epidemiology and ecology of sporotrichosis in Japan","volume":"257","author":"Fukushiro","year":"1984","journal-title":"Zentralbl Bakteriol. Mikrobiol. Hyg. A"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mmcr.2023.08.003","article-title":"Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto related to zoonotic transmission in Thailand","volume":"41","author":"Chieosilapatham","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med. Mycol. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e24420","article-title":"A case of chronic wounds caused by Sporothrix schenckii infection was rapidly detected by metagenomic next generation sequencing","volume":"10","author":"Jin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1080\/17460913.2024.2352283","article-title":"Current situation of sporotrichosis in China","volume":"19","author":"Cheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myy163","article-title":"Prevalence and antifungal susceptibility of Sporothrix species in Jiangxi, central China","volume":"57","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0507.2007.01411.x","article-title":"Isolation of Sporothrix schenckii from the environmental sources of cutaneous sporotrichosis patients in Himachal Pradesh, India: Results of a pilot study","volume":"50","author":"Mehta","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajoc.2020.100898","article-title":"Conjunctival sporotrichosis from cat to human: Case report","volume":"20","author":"Reinprayoon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2011.05229.x","article-title":"Cutaneous sporotrichosis: A six-year review of 19 cases in a tertiary referral center in Malaysia","volume":"51","author":"Tang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myz106","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of Sporothrix schenkii isolates in Malaysia","volume":"58","author":"Selvarajah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006830131173","article-title":"Prevalence, epidemiology and geographical distribution of Sporothrix schenckii infections in Gauteng, South Africa","volume":"137","author":"Vismer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3251","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00081-06","article-title":"Molecular phylogeny of Sporothrix schenckii","volume":"44","author":"Marimon","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-010-9274-9","article-title":"Ribosomal DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of environmental Sporothrix schenckii strains: Comparison with clinical isolates","volume":"169","author":"Criseo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-011-9420-z","article-title":"New insight into molecular phylogeny and epidemiology of Sporothrix schenckii species complex based on calmodulin-encoding gene analysis of Italian isolates","volume":"172","author":"Romeo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_155","first-page":"100140","article-title":"Global distribution of animal sporotrichosis: A systematic review of Sporothrix sp. identified using molecular tools","volume":"3","author":"Morgado","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Microb. Sci."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morgado, D.S., Castro, R., Ribeiro-Alves, M., Corr\u00eaa-Moreira, D., Silva, J., Menezes, R.C., and Oliveira, M.M.E. (2024). Systematic review of literature to evaluate global distribution of species of the Sporothrix genus stored in culture collections. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1382508"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodrigues, A.M., Gon\u00e7alves, S.S., de Carvalho, J.A., Borba-Santos, L.P., Rozental, S., and Camargo, Z.P. (2022). d. Current progress on epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of sporotrichosis and their future trends. J. Fungi, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8080776"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofz395","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofz395","article-title":"Disseminated cutaneous and osteoarticular sporotrichosis mimicking pyoderma gangrenosum","volume":"6","author":"Saeed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mmcr.2021.03.007","article-title":"Osteoarticular sporotrichosis in an immunocompetent patient","volume":"32","author":"Sendrasoa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Mycol. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e008092024","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0120-2024","article-title":"Disseminated sporotrichosis with osteoarticular involvement in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: A case report","volume":"57","author":"Santos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1014449621732","article-title":"Sporothrix schenckii isolated from domestic cats with and without sporotrichosis in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","volume":"153","author":"Schubach","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mmcr.2018.12.003","article-title":"Cutaneous sporotrichosis in a stray cat from Thailand","volume":"23","author":"Duangkaew","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Mycol. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s42770-020-00274-5","article-title":"Feline sporotrichosis in Asia","volume":"52","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myu061","article-title":"Feline sporotrichosis: Epidemiological and clinical aspects","volume":"53","author":"Menezes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.13375","article-title":"Zoonotic feline sporotrichosis: A small case cluster in Perth, Western Australia, and a review of previous feline cases from Australia","volume":"102","author":"Miranda","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.166.10.290","article-title":"Response to azolic antifungal agents for treating feline sporotrichosis","volume":"166","author":"Pereira","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Miranda, L.H.M., Silva, J.N., Gremi\u00e3o, I.D.F., Menezes, R.C., Almeida-Paes, R., Dos Reis, \u00c9.G., de Oliveira, R.V.C., de Araujo, D., Ferreiro, L., and Pereira, S.A. (2018). Monitoring fungal burden and viability of Sporothrix spp. in skin lesions of cats for predicting antifungal treatment response. J. Fungi, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof4030092"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e183219","DOI":"10.11606\/issn.1678-4456.bjvras.2021.183219","article-title":"Ocular lesions in a domestic feline:: A closer look at the fungal pathogen Sporothrix brasiliensis","volume":"58","author":"Reis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Braz. J. Vet. Res. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2004.224.1623","article-title":"Evaluation of an epidemic of sporotrichosis in cats: 347 cases (1998\u20132001)","volume":"224","author":"Schubach","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00436219","article-title":"Feline sporotrichosis: A case report","volume":"108","year":"1989","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12302","article-title":"Molecular typing of Sporothrix schenckii isolates from cats in Malaysia","volume":"58","author":"Kano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E107","DOI":"10.3314\/mmj.17.014","article-title":"The current status of feline sporotrichosis in Malaysia","volume":"58","author":"Siew","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Mycol. J."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3005.231563","article-title":"Sporotrichosis cluster in domestic cats and veterinary technician, Kansas, USA, 2022","volume":"30","author":"Hennessee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0507.1996.tb00114.x","article-title":"Sporothrix schenckii isolated from a cat in Japan","volume":"39","author":"Nakamura","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e26311225551","DOI":"10.33448\/rsd-v11i2.25551","article-title":"First report of fungal Sporothrix schenckii complex isolation from feline with possible zoonotic transmission in the city of Bel\u00e9m, Par\u00e1, Brazil: Case report","volume":"11","author":"Silva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Res. Soc. Dev."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780500148186","article-title":"Canine sporotrichosis in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Clinical presentation, laboratory diagnosis and therapeutic response in 44 cases (1998\u20132003)","volume":"44","author":"Schubach","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-006-0086-x","article-title":"Lymphocutaneous and nasal sporotrichosis in a dog from southern Italy: Case report","volume":"163","author":"Cafarchia","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-017-0225-6","article-title":"Successful treatment of canine sporotrichosis with terbinafine: Case reports and literature review","volume":"183","author":"Viana","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13132","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-4162-13132","article-title":"Sporotrichosis in guinea pig (Cavia porcellu)\u2014Case report","volume":"76","author":"Moreira","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arq. Bras. Med. Veterin\u00e1ria E Zootec."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.18869\/acadpub.cmm.1.2.39","article-title":"Sporotrichosis in Iran: A mini review of reported cases in patients suspected to cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"1","author":"Mahmoudi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Carolis, E., Posteraro, B., and Sanguinetti, M. (2022). Old and new insights into Sporothrix schenckii complex biology and identification. Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11030297"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.riam.2013.09.008","article-title":"Molecular identification of the Sporothrix schenckii complex","volume":"31","author":"Oliveira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Iberoam. Micol."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.4.1414-1418.2003","article-title":"Detection of Sporothrix schenckii in clinical samples by a nested PCR assay","volume":"41","author":"Hu","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2006.03036.x","article-title":"Epidemiological data and molecular characterization (mtDNA) of Sporothrix schenckii in 13 cases from Mexico","volume":"46","author":"Arenas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2159","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00450-12","article-title":"Rapid identification of Sporothrix species by T3B fingerprinting","volume":"50","author":"Sampaio","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myz029","article-title":"Development and evaluation of a real-time polymerase chain reaction for fast diagnosis of sporotrichosis caused by Sporothrix globosa","volume":"58","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2014.12.008","article-title":"Development and optimization of a new MALDI-TOF protocol for identification of the Sporothrix species complex","volume":"166","author":"Oliveira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Res. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272376","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/272376","article-title":"Sporotrichosis: An overview and therapeutic options","volume":"2014","author":"Mahajan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dermatol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1086\/522765","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines for the management of sporotrichosis: 2007 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"45","author":"Kauffman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1139\/w06-040","article-title":"In vitro susceptibility of isolates of Sporothrix schenckii to amphotericin B, itraconazole, and terbinafine: Comparison of yeast and mycelial forms","volume":"52","author":"Kohler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Can. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myu056","article-title":"Susceptibility of Sporothrix brasiliensis isolates to amphotericin B, azoles, and terbinafine","volume":"53","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0507.2003.00953.x","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of the efficacy and safety of two doses of terbinafine (500 and 1000 mg day(\u22121)) in the treatment of cutaneous or lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis","volume":"47","author":"Chapman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-010-9380-8","article-title":"Comparative study of 250 mg\/day terbinafine and 100 mg\/day itraconazole for the treatment of cutaneous sporotrichosis","volume":"171","author":"Francesconi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46652011000200006","article-title":"Cutaneous sporotrichosis treatment with potassium iodide: A 24 year experience in S\u00e3o Paulo State, Brazil","volume":"53","author":"Yamada","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.12667","article-title":"New posology of potassium iodide for the treatment of cutaneous sporotrichosis: Study of efficacy and safety in 102 patients","volume":"29","author":"Macedo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1097\/00001432-200104000-00006","article-title":"Endemic sporotrichosis","volume":"14","author":"Bustamante","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borba-Santos, L.P., Vila, T., and Rozental, S. (2020). Identification of two potential inhibitors of Sporothrix brasiliensis and Sporothrix schenckii in the Pathogen Box collection. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0240658"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3230","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-87711-3","article-title":"Therapeutic alternatives for sporotrichosis induced by wild-type and non-wild-type Sporothrix schenckii through in vitro and in vivo assessment of enilconazole, isavuconazole, posaconazole, and terbinafine","volume":"15","author":"Aroonvuthiphong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.3109\/13880200903229080","article-title":"In vivo antifungal effect of Combretum and Terminalia species extracts on cutaneous wound healing in immunosuppressed rats","volume":"48","author":"Masoko","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.3109\/13693786.2011.596288","article-title":"Sporotrichosis in HIV-infected patients: Report of 21 cases of endemic sporotrichosis in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","volume":"50","author":"Freitas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinto-Almaz\u00e1n, R., Sandoval-Navarro, K.A., Dami\u00e1n-Maga\u00f1a, E.J., Arenas, R., Fuentes-Venado, C.E., Z\u00e1rate-Segura, P.B., Mart\u00ednez-Herrera, E., and Rodr\u00edguez-Cerdeira, C. (2023). Relationship of sporotrichosis and infected patients with HIV-AIDS: An actual systematic review. J. Fungi, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof9040396"},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Almeida, J.R., Santiago, K.L., Kaihami, G.H., Maranh\u00e3o, A.Q., de Macedo Br\u00edgido, M., and de Almeida, S.R. (2017). The efficacy of humanized antibody against the Sporothrix antigen, gp70, in promoting phagocytosis and reducing disease burden. Front. Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00345"},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1007\/s40475-019-00183-0","article-title":"Advances in vaccine development against sporotrichosis","volume":"6","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Trop. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-020-00425-0","article-title":"The threat of emerging and re-emerging pathogenic Sporothrix species","volume":"185","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"}],"container-title":["Journal of Fungi"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2309-608X\/12\/1\/4\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T05:20:01Z","timestamp":1766726401000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2309-608X\/12\/1\/4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]]},"references-count":204,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["jof12010004"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jof12010004","relation":{},"ISSN":["2309-608X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2309-608X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]]}}}