{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T21:32:53Z","timestamp":1791495173988,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"internal research funds from Institute of Science Tokyo"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Candida albicans is a pathogenic fungus that expresses a fungal NADPH oxidase known as C. albicans Cfl11, which produces reactive oxygen species (ROS). Secretion of these ROS triggers caspase 3\u2013mediated cell death in hepatocytes, which was attenuated in a mutant with a disrupted CaCFL11 gene (designated Cacfl11\u0394 mutant). Here, we compared the effects of the C. albicans wild-type strain and the Cacfl11\u0394 mutant. Our findings revealed that C. albicans reduces the viability of HaCaT keratinocytes in a contact-independent manner. Furthermore, exposure to C. albicans increased intracellular ROS production and caspase 3 activity in HaCaT keratinocytes. These changes were attenuated when HaCaT keratinocytes were exposed to the Cacfl11\u0394 mutant or when HaCaT keratinocytes were treated with the known antioxidant N-acetylcysteine. Furthermore, wild-type C. albicans, but not the Cacfl11\u0394 mutant, disrupted transepithelial electrical resistance and modulated the downregulation of the tight-junction genes occludin and junction adhesion molecule 1 in HaCaT keratinocytes. Collectively, these results show that fungal ROS secretion via CaCFL11 is a potent virulence factor in mediating keratinocyte viability and barrier function.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof12010038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T11:11:46Z","timestamp":1767352306000},"page":"38","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Fungal Reactive Oxygen Species Secreted by Candida albicans Induce Barrier Disruption and Cell Death in HaCaT Keratinocytes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jayshree Low Jit","family":"Sze","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and Technology, Institute of Science Tokyo, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyue","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and Technology, Institute of Science Tokyo, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kanami","family":"Orihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and Technology, Institute of Science Tokyo, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susumu","family":"Kajiwara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and Technology, Institute of Science Tokyo, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e428","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00692-8","article-title":"Global Incidence and Mortality of Severe Fungal Disease","volume":"24","author":"Denning","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. 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