{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T23:03:54Z","timestamp":1768604634965,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768521600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"FAPESP","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020\/07611-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\/07611-9"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"CNPq","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Pq-1C 311895\/2022-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Pq-1C 311895\/2022-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"CAPES PrInt Program\/UNESP grant","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["88887.571160\/2020-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88887.571160\/2020-00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Fungal AMR Innovations for Low and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs)\u2014FAILSAFE program","award":["4080\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4080\/2025"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aspergillus fumigatus, a saprophytic fungus, causes aspergillosis, primarily affecting the immunocompromised. The efficacy of triazole antifungals is compromised by resistance that has developed both clinically and environmentally. Widespread agricultural use of similar triazole fungicides selects for resistant genotypes, leading to potential food contamination and compromising treatment. This study assessed the presence of azole-resistant A. fumigatus in minimally processed food items commonly consumed in Brazil. A total of 25 commercial samples, including black pepper, yerba mate, and green coffee beans, were collected from different regions. Forty-two A. fumigatus isolates were recovered and screened for susceptibility to agricultural and clinical triazoles by determining EC50 values for tebuconazole (0.04\u20130.7 \u00b5g\/mL), itraconazole (0.06\u20130.5 \u00b5g\/mL), and voriconazole (0.07\u20130.15 \u00b5g\/mL). Sequence analysis of the CYP51A gene revealed the presence of M172V mutation, none of which are associated with resistance. Microsatellite genotyping indicated high genotypic diversity and genetic relatedness among isolates from different food sources. Although no azole-resistant phenotypes were identified, the consistent recovery of A. fumigatus from products not directly exposed to azole fungicides highlights the need for continued surveillance. Agricultural environments remain critical hotspots for the emergence and dissemination of resistance, reinforcing the importance of integrated One Health strategies in antifungal resistance monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof12010072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T11:39:37Z","timestamp":1768563577000},"page":"72","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A One Health Perspective on Aspergillus fumigatus in Brazilian Dry Foods: High Genetic Diversity and Azole Susceptibility"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6200-7001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Clara","family":"Shiroma Buri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Crop Protection, Agricultural Engineering and Soil, S\u00e3o Paulo State University\u2014UNESP, Ilha Solteira 15385-000, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2520-1696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherin","family":"Castro-R\u00edos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Crop Protection, Agricultural Engineering and Soil, S\u00e3o Paulo State University\u2014UNESP, Ilha Solteira 15385-000, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Escuela de Nutrici\u00f3n y Diet\u00e9tica, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga 680001, Santander, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9518-7097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arla Daniela","family":"Ramalho da Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Crop Protection, Agricultural Engineering and Soil, S\u00e3o Paulo State University\u2014UNESP, Ilha Solteira 15385-000, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thais Moreira","family":"Claudio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Crop Protection, Agricultural Engineering and Soil, S\u00e3o Paulo State University\u2014UNESP, Ilha Solteira 15385-000, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2381-2792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo Cezar","family":"Ceresini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Crop Protection, Agricultural Engineering and Soil, S\u00e3o Paulo State University\u2014UNESP, Ilha Solteira 15385-000, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012026","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/1019\/1\/012026","article-title":"Herbal Plant Analysis Based on Leaf Features Using K-Means Clustering","volume":"1019","author":"Mutalib","year":"2022","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Cordero, J., Mateos, R., Gonz\u00e1lez-R\u00e1mila, S., Seguido, M.A., Sierra-Cinos, J.L., Sarri\u00e1, B., and Bravo, L. (2023). Dietary Supplements Containing Oat Beta-Glucan and\/or Green Coffee (Poly)Phenols Showed Limited Effect in Modulating Cardiometabolic Risk Biomarkers in Overweight\/Obese Patients without a Lifestyle Intervention. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15092223"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2025.107466","article-title":"A Systematic Review on the Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguariensis A. St. Hil.)","volume":"142","author":"Song","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1007\/s10298-006-0181-7","article-title":"Le Svetol \u00ae, un extrait de caf\u00e9 vert d\u00e9caf\u00e9in\u00e9, induit une perte de poids et augmente le ratio masse maigre sur masse grasse chez des volontaires en surcharge pond\u00e9rale","volume":"4","author":"Dellalibera","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phytoth\u00e9rapie"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2022.111957","article-title":"Protective Effects of Yerba Mate (IIex paraguariensis) on Prostate Cancer Development","volume":"108","author":"Santiano","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.31413\/nativa.v9i1.9528","article-title":"Import\u00e2ncia Dos Sistemas Agroflorestais Na Composi\u00e7\u00e3o De Renda De Agricultores Familiares: Estudo De Caso No Munic\u00edpio De Belterra, Par\u00e1","volume":"9","author":"Costa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nativa"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.1007\/s10668-018-0275-z","article-title":"Coffee Certification in Brazil: Compliance with Social Standards and Its Implications for Social Equity","volume":"22","author":"Rajpaul","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Dev. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-024-13429-w","article-title":"Spicing up Nutrition: Investigation of Trace Elements in Some Spices Locally Sold in Two Markets in Kisumu-Kenya","volume":"196","author":"Chore","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"603","article-title":"Assessment of Heavy Metals, PAHs, and Pesticide Levels in Yerba Mate on the European Market","volume":"32","author":"Baran","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-020-04605-0","article-title":"Comparative Evaluation of Multi-Residue Methods for Analysis of Pesticide Residues in Black Pepper by Gas Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry: Critical Evaluation of Matrix Co-Extractives and Method Validation","volume":"58","author":"Kandaswamy","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nolasco, A., Squillante, J., Esposito, F., Velotto, S., Romano, R., Aponte, M., Giarra, A., Toscanesi, M., Montella, E., and Cirillo, T. (2022). Coffee Silverskin: Chemical and Biological Risk Assessment and Health Profile for Its Potential Use in Functional Foods. Foods, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11182834"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2022.133513","article-title":"Commercial Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguariensis) Produced in South America: Determination of Dithiocarbamate Residues by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry","volume":"394","author":"Neu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al Khoury, A., El Khoury, A., Rocher, O., Hindieh, P., Puel, O., Maroun, R.G., Atoui, A., and Bailly, J.-D. (2022). Inhibition of Aflatoxin B1 Synthesis in Aspergillus flavus by Mate (Ilex paraguariensis), Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) and Green Tea (Camellia sinensis) Extracts: Relation with Extract Antioxidant Capacity and Fungal Oxidative Stress Response Modulation. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27238550"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Attiya, W.A., Hassan, Z.U., Al-Thani, R., and Jaoua, S. (2021). Prevalence of Toxigenic Fungi and Mycotoxins in Arabic Coffee (Coffea arabica): Protective Role of Traditional Coffee Roasting, Brewing and Bacterial Volatiles. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0259302"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1948","DOI":"10.1080\/19440049.2021.1943542","article-title":"Ochratoxin a Levels in Fermented Specialty Coffees from Capara\u00f3, Brazil: Is It a Cause of Concern for Coffee Drinkers?","volume":"38","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam.-Part Chem. Anal. Control Expo. Risk Assess."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Demirhan, B., and Demirhan, B.E. (2023). Analysis of Multi-Mycotoxins in Commonly Consumed Spices Using the LC-MS\/MS Method for Assessing Food Safety Risks. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11071786"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-12-180","article-title":"Microbiological Quality of Retail Spices in Tehran, Iran","volume":"76","author":"Nikoopour","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-020-01862-7","article-title":"Ecologically Controlling Insect and Mite Pests of Tea Plants with Microbial Pesticides: A Review","volume":"202","author":"Idris","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2021.108351","article-title":"Storage Fungi and Ochratoxin A Associated with Arabica Coffee Bean in Postharvest Processes in Northern Thailand","volume":"130","author":"Maman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radphyschem.2019.108662","article-title":"Efficacy of Low Energy Electron Beam on Microbial Decontamination of Spices","volume":"170","author":"Gryczka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiat. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Gupta, V.K. (2016). Biodiversity of the Genus Aspergillus in Different Habitats. New and Future Developments in Microbial Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coisb.2017.09.005","article-title":"Aspergilli: Models for Systems Biology in Filamentous Fungi","volume":"6","author":"Brandl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Syst. Biol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Resendiz-Sharpe, A., Dewaele, K., Merckx, R., Bustamante, B., Vega-Gomez, M.C., Rolon, M., Jacobs, J., Verweij, P.E., Maertens, J., and Lagrou, K. (2021). Triazole-Resistance in Environmental Aspergillus fumigatus in Latin American and African Countries. J. Fungi, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7040292"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rx.2013.09.007","article-title":"The different manifestations of pulmonary aspergillosis: Multidetector computed tomography findings","volume":"56","year":"2014","journal-title":"Radiologia"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165rv13","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3004404","article-title":"Hidden Killers: Human Fungal Infections","volume":"4","author":"Brown","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2018.01.013","article-title":"Fungi in Spices and Mycotoxigenic Potential of Some Aspergilli Isolated","volume":"73","author":"Garcia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2022.02.010","article-title":"Ochratoxin A: Occurrence and Recent Advances in Detoxification","volume":"210","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Russo, E.B. (2018). Cannabis Therapeutics and the Future of Neurology. Front. Integr. Neurosci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnint.2018.00051"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2021.106447","article-title":"Azole Resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus Isolates from Respiratory Specimens in Lyon University Hospitals, France: Prevalence and Mechanisms Involved","volume":"58","author":"Simon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"539","article-title":"CYP51: Is It a Good Idea?","volume":"7","author":"Franklim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Virtual Qu\u00edm."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-017-0714-4","article-title":"Triazole Resistance in Aspergillus Species: An Emerging Problem","volume":"77","author":"Mellado","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s12281-021-00418-6","article-title":"Emergence of Triazole Resistance in Aspergillus spp. in Latin America","volume":"15","author":"Macedo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Fungal Infect. Rep."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gyurtane Szabo, N., Joste, V., Houz\u00e9, S., Dannaoui, E., and Bonnal, C. (2023). Comparison of the Micronaut-AM System and the EUCAST Broth Microdilution Reference Method for MIC Determination of Four Antifungals against Aspergillus fumigatus. J. Fungi, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof9070721"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Snelders, E., van der Lee, H.A.L., Kuijpers, J., Rijs, A.J.M.M., Varga, J., Samson, R.A., Mellado, E., Donders, A.R.T., Melchers, W.J.G., and Verweij, P.E. (2008). Emergence of Azole Resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus and Spread of a Single Resistance Mechanism. PLoS Med., 5.","DOI":"10.4016\/8254.01"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13400","article-title":"An Expanded Agar-Based Screening Method for Azole-Resistant Aspergillus fumigatus","volume":"65","author":"Lucio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1507.090043","article-title":"Frequency and Evolution of Azole Resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus Associated with Treatment Failure","volume":"15","author":"Howard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ885","article-title":"Azole Resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus: Can We Retain the Clinical Use of Mold-Active Antifungal Azoles?","volume":"62","author":"Verweij","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbr.2020.10.003","article-title":"The One Health Problem of Azole Resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus: Current Insights and Future Research Agenda","volume":"34","author":"Verweij","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fungal Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burks, C., Darby, A., G\u00f3mez Londo\u00f1o, L., Momany, M., and Brewer, M.T. (2021). Azole-Resistant Aspergillus fumigatus in the Environment: Identifying Key Reservoirs and Hotspots of Antifungal Resistance. PLoS Pathog., 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009711"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"jkab427","DOI":"10.1093\/g3journal\/jkab427","article-title":"Evidence for the Agricultural Origin of Resistance to Multiple Antimicrobials in Aspergillus fumigatus, a Fungal Pathogen of Humans","volume":"12","author":"Kang","year":"2021","journal-title":"G3 GenesGenomesGenet."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.08.247","article-title":"Tebuconazole Induces Triazole-Resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus in Liquid Medium and Soil","volume":"648","author":"Cui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myu076","article-title":"Does Farm Fungicide Use Induce Azole Resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus?","volume":"53","author":"Kano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.110015","article-title":"Tea Contamination by Mycotoxins and Azole-Resistant Mycobiota\u2014The Need of a One Health Approach to Tackle Exposures","volume":"385","author":"Viegas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castro-R\u00edos, K., Buri, M.C.S., Ramalho da Cruz, A.D., and Ceresini, P.C. (2025). Aspergillus fumigatus in the Food Production Chain and Azole Resistance: A Growing Concern for Consumers. J. Fungi, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof11040252"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panel (OHHLEP), O.H.H.-L.E., Adisasmito, W.B., Almuhairi, S., Behravesh, C.B., Bilivogui, P., Bukachi, S.A., Casas, N., Becerra, N.C., Charron, D.F., and Chaudhary, A. (2022). One Health: A New Definition for a Sustainable and Healthy Future. PLoS Pathog., 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010537"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Destoumieux-Garz\u00f3n, D., Mavingui, P., Boetsch, G., Boissier, J., Darriet, F., Duboz, P., Fritsch, C., Giraudoux, P., Le Roux, F., and Morand, S. (2018). The One Health Concept: 10 Years Old and a Long Road Ahead. Front. Vet. Sci., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2018.00014"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aap7999","article-title":"Worldwide Emergence of Resistance to Antifungal Drugs Challenges Human Health and Food Security","volume":"360","author":"Fisher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00458-22","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00458-22","article-title":"Triazole Priming as an Adaptive Response and Gateway to Resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus","volume":"66","author":"Harish","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"1","article-title":"Evolu\u00e7\u00e3o Do Cultivo de Pimenta-Do-Reino Na \u00c1rea de Atua\u00e7\u00e3o Do BNB","volume":"5","author":"Vidal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Escrit. T\u00e9c. Estud. Econ\u00f4micos Nordeste"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pitt, J.I., and Hocking, A.D. (2022). Fungi and Food Spoilage, Springer. [3rd ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-85640-3"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1111\/ppa.13470","article-title":"Monitoring of Brazilian Wheat Blast Field Populations Reveals Resistance to QoI, DMI, and SDHI Fungicides","volume":"71","author":"Vicentini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plant Pathol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Serrano, R., Gusm\u00e3o, L., Amorim, A., and Araujo, R. (2011). Rapid Identification of Aspergillus fumigatus within the Section Fumigati. BMC Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-11-82"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e112","DOI":"10.1002\/cpmc.112","article-title":"A Low-Cost Tebuconazole-Based Screening Test for Azole-Resistant Aspergillus fumigatus","volume":"58","author":"Brackin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fraaije, B., Atkins, S., Hanley, S., Macdonald, A., and Lucas, J. (2020). The Multi-Fungicide Resistance Status of Aspergillus fumigatus Populations in Arable Soils and the Wider European Environment. Front. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.599233"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4112","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.8.4112-4120.2005","article-title":"Use of a Novel Panel of Nine Short Tandem Repeats for Exact and High-Resolution Fingerprinting of Aspergillus fumigatus Isolates","volume":"43","author":"Meis","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1038\/72708","article-title":"An Economic Method for the Fluorescent Labeling of PCR Fragments","volume":"18","author":"Schuelke","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J\u00f8rgensen, K.M., Helleberg, M., Hare, R.K., J\u00f8rgensen, L.N., and Arendrup, M.C. (2021). Dissection of the Activity of Agricultural Fungicides against Clinical Aspergillus Isolates with and without Environmentally and Medically Induced Azole Resistance. J. Fungi, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7030205"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02059-19","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02059-19","article-title":"Aspergillus fumigatus Clinical Isolates Carrying CYP51A with TR34\/L98H\/S297T\/F495I Substitutions Detected after Four-Year Retrospective Azole Resistance Screening in Brazil","volume":"64","author":"Pontes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2979","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dku259","article-title":"Multi-Azole-Resistant Aspergillus fumigatus in the Environment in Tanzania","volume":"69","author":"Chowdhary","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1007\/s40858-023-00632-2","article-title":"Strategies for Managing Fungicide Resistance in the Brazilian Tropical Agroecosystem: Safeguarding Food Safety, Health, and the Environmental Quality","volume":"49","author":"Ceresini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trop. Plant Pathol."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"(2025, July 29). AGROFIT Minist\u00e9rio da Agricultura, Pecu\u00e1ria e Abastecimento, Available online: https:\/\/agrofit.agricultura.gov.br\/agrofit_cons\/principal_agrofit_cons."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1111\/mpp.12512","article-title":"The Coffee Leaf Rust Pathogen Hemileia Vastatrix: One and a Half Centuries around the Tropics","volume":"18","author":"Talhinhas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Plant Pathol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rizzo Moreira, T., Rosa dos Santos, A., Polonini Moreli, A., dos Santos Gomes, W., Macedo Pezzopane, J.E., de C\u00e1ssia Freire Carvalho, R., Barbosa de Souza, K., Pautz, C., and Louzada Pereira, L. (2024). Climatic Favorability to the Occurrence of Hemileia Vastatrix in Apt Areas for the Cultivation of Coffea arabica L. in Brazil. Climate, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cli12080123"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2116","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkq279","article-title":"Azole Antifungal Resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus: 2008 and 2009","volume":"65","author":"Bueid","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dky517","article-title":"Emerging Threat of Triazole-Resistant Aspergillus fumigatus","volume":"74","author":"Rybak","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3181","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaa316","article-title":"Nationwide Surveillance of Azole-Resistant Aspergillus fumigatus Environmental Isolates in Greece: Detection of Pan-Azole Resistance Associated with the TR46\/Y121F\/T289A cyp51A Mutation","volume":"75","author":"Siopi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guinea, J. (2020). Updated EUCAST Clinical Breakpoints against Aspergillus, Implications for the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory. J. Fungi, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof6040343"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dieste-P\u00e9rez, L., Holstege, M.M.C., de Jong, J.E., and Heuvelink, A.E. (2025). Azole Resistance in Aspergillus Isolates from Animals or Their Direct Environment (2013\u20132023): A Systematic Review. Front. Vet. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1507997"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-025-00941-x","article-title":"Trends of Azole-Resistant Aspergillus fumigatus Susceptibility Over 12 Years from a German ECMM Excellence Center","volume":"190","author":"Verhasselt","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), European Environment Agency (EEA), European Medicines Agency (EMA), and European Commission\u2019s Joint Research Centre (JRC) (2025). Impact of the Use of Azole Fungicides, Other than as Human Medicines, on the Development of Azole-Resistant Aspergillus spp.. EFSA J., 23, e9200.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2025.9200"}],"container-title":["Journal of Fungi"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2309-608X\/12\/1\/72\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T12:29:33Z","timestamp":1768566573000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2309-608X\/12\/1\/72"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["jof12010072"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jof12010072","relation":{},"ISSN":["2309-608X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2309-608X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]]}}}