{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T07:06:50Z","timestamp":1793776010114,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768867200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fungi Specialized Pathogen Resource Bank under the National Culture Collection for Pathogens (NCCP) of the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency","award":["SPRB-2017-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SPRB-2017-02"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Candidozyma auris (formerly Candida auris) is an emerging multidrug-resistant fungal pathogen with confirmed cases in over 30 countries. Although whole-genome sequencing (WGS) analysis defined distinct clades during characterization of underlying genetic mechanism behind multidrug resistance, Clade II remains under-evaluated. In this study, a three-level comparative genomic strategy (Global, Clade, Phenotype) was employed by integration of unbiased genome-wide comparative SNP screening (GATK v4.1.9.0), targeted BLAST profiling (BLAST+ v2.17.0), and in silico protein analysis (ColabFold v1.5.5; DynaMut2 v2.0) for systematic evaluation of mechanisms of antifungal resistance in thirty-nine Clade II C. auris clinical isolates and fourteen reference strains. Global and clade-level analyses confirmed that all the clinical isolates belong to Clade II, according to phylogenetic clustering and mating type locus (MTL) conservation. At the phenotype level, a distinct subclade of fluconazole-resistant mutants was identified to have a heterogenous network of mutations in seven key enzymes associated with cell membrane dynamics and the metabolic stress response. Among these, four core mutations (TAC1B, CAN2, NIC96, PMA1) were confirmed as functional drivers based on strict criteria during multitier in silico protein analysis: cross-species conservation, surface exposure, active site proximity, thermodynamic stability, and protein interface interaction. On the other hand, three high-level fluconazole-resistant clinical isolates (\u2265128 \u03bcg\/mL) that lacked these functional drivers were subjected to comprehensive subtractive genomic profiling analysis. The absence of coding mutations in validated resistance drivers, yeast orthologs, and convergent variants suggests that there is an alternative novel non-coding or regulatory mechanism behind fluconazole resistance. These findings highlight Clade II\u2019s evolutionary divergence into two distinct trajectories towards the development of a high level of fluconazole resistance: canonical protein alteration versus regulatory modulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof12010076","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T17:20:42Z","timestamp":1768929642000},"page":"76","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Genomic Insights into Candidozyma auris Clade II: Comparative Phylogenomics and Structural Validation of Fluconazole Resistance Mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Sanghak","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Institute of Mycological Resource, International St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon 22711, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung 25601, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kei-Anne Garcia","family":"Baritugo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Institute of Mycological Resource, International St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon 22711, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Han-Soo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung 25601, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyeyoung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, International St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon 22711, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8460-7111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sook Won","family":"Ryu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24331, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soo-Young","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, St. Vincent\u2019s Hospital, Suwon 16247, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chae Hoon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu 42415, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young Ree","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3960-6969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeong Hwan","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan 47392, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2977-1813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jayoung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Institute of Mycological Resource, International St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon 22711, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, International St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon 22711, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gi-Ho","family":"Sung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Institute of Mycological Resource, International St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon 22711, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Convergence Science, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung 25601, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.2404.04040","article-title":"Comprehensive Overview of Candida auris: An Emerging Multidrug-Resistant Fungal Pathogen","volume":"34","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. 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