{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T15:08:30Z","timestamp":1791644910684,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004586","name":"FAPERJ","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["200.096\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["200.096\/2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004586","name":"FAPERJ","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["200.096"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["200.096"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Scedosporium\/Lomentospora often coexist in the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients, where their interaction can affect disease outcomes. Our group has recently demonstrated that P. aeruginosa suppresses the growth of Scedosporium\/Lomentospora species partly through mechanisms involving iron sequestration. In this study, we have investigated how molecules secreted by P. aeruginosa under high (36 \u00b5M) and low (3.6 \u00b5M) iron conditions affect the planktonic growth and biofilm formation by S. apiospermum, S. minutisporum, S. aurantiacum and L. prolificans. Although P. aeruginosa exhibited enhanced proliferation under high-iron conditions, spectrophotometric analyses revealed a marked increase in phenazine and pyoverdine production under low-iron conditions, with siderophore activity confirmed by Chrome Azurol S assays. Supporting these findings, supernatants from P. aeruginosa cells grown under iron limitation markedly inhibited fungal growth (\u224830%) and biofilm formation (\u224870%), whereas those from high-iron cultures were less effective. Notably, low-iron bacterial-free supernatants exhibited pronounced cytotoxic effects on mammalian cells, reducing metabolic activity by an average of 20% in A549 lung epithelial cells and 40% in THP-1 macrophages, and significantly compromising survival in the Tenebrio molitor infection model, resulting in 100% larval mortality within 7 days. Collectively, these results indicate that the antifungal activity of P. aeruginosa is closely coupled with increased host toxicity. Moreover, the results demonstrate that environmental iron availability plays a critical role in modulating both antifungal activity and toxicity, thereby shaping P. aeruginosa interactions with Scedosporium\/Lomentospora species. Such iron-dependent dynamics may influence the progression and severity of respiratory co-infections, with important implications for patient management and therapeutic interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof12020089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T17:40:22Z","timestamp":1769622022000},"page":"89","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Role of Iron Availability in Modulating Pseudomonas\u00a0aeruginosa\u2019s Antifungal Effects on Planktonic and Biofilm Growth of Scedosporium\/Lomentospora Under Cystic Fibrosis-Mimicking Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5820-2241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tha\u00eds P.","family":"Mello","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Estudos Avan\u00e7ados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes (LEAMER), Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de G\u00f3es (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iuri C.","family":"Barcellos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Estudos Avan\u00e7ados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes (LEAMER), Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de G\u00f3es (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone S.C.","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Estudos Avan\u00e7ados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes (LEAMER), Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de G\u00f3es (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5036-3837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucas","family":"Giovanini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Estudos Avan\u00e7ados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes (LEAMER), Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de G\u00f3es (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9073-2886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michaela","family":"Lackner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Sch\u00f6pfstrasse 41, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9752-8148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta H.","family":"Branquinha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Estudos Avan\u00e7ados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes (LEAMER), Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de G\u00f3es (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0821-8592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9 L.S.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Estudos Avan\u00e7ados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes (LEAMER), Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de G\u00f3es (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941901, Brazil"},{"name":"Rede Micologia RJ\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2216474","article-title":"Cystic Fibrosis","volume":"389","author":"Grasemann","year":"2023","journal-title":"N. 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