{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T10:33:48Z","timestamp":1770978828762,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770940800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The early diagnosis of invasive candidiasis remains challenging in immunocompromised and other high-risk patients, prompting interest in artificial intelligence models for assisting clinical decision-making. We conducted a PROSPERO-registered systematic review and meta-analysis of artificial intelligence-based predictive models for the early identification of invasive Candida infections. We searched multiple databases for studies reporting model performance in hospitalized immuno-compromised patients. Data on study characteristics, model details, validation strategy, and diagnostic accuracy were extracted. A bivariate random-effects meta-analysis was performed for candidemia prediction models with compatible data. Eight studies met inclusion criteria. Models were typically developed using retrospective hospital data with heterogeneous populations and predictors. Five candidemia studies provided threshold-based performance data for meta-analysis. Pooled sensitivity and specificity for candidemia prediction were 81.3% (95% confidence interval (CI) 72.9\u201387.6%) and 81.6% (95% CI 68.4\u201390.1%), respectively. Most models achieved high negative predictive values, whereas positive predictive values were modest, reflecting low event prevalence. The risk of bias was generally moderate to high (PROBAST), and the certainty of evidence was low (GRADE) due to study limitations and indirectness. AI models show promise for early candidemia identification with moderate diagnostic accuracy. They may be useful as decision-support tools, but further multicenter prospective validation is needed before routine clinical adoption.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof12020138","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T09:09:19Z","timestamp":1770973759000},"page":"138","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Can Artificial Intelligence Optimize the Early Diagnosis of Invasive Candidiasis? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5454-1249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo","family":"Almeida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Medicina Interna, Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS), 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Alonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Medicina Interna, Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS), 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1829-5858","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Montserrat","family":"Alonso-Sard\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS), 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"\u00c1rea de Medicina Preventiva, Epidemiolog\u00eda y Salud P\u00fablica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Inmaculada","family":"Izquierdo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Medicina Interna, Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, 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(CIETUS), 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Servicio de Dermatolog\u00eda, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3580-0484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josu\u00e9","family":"Pendones Ulerio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS), 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Servicio de Microbiolog\u00eda y Parasitolog\u00eda, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4439-7877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Pardo Lled\u00edas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Marqu\u00e9s de Valdecilla, 39008 Santander, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Valdecilla (IDIVAL), 39008 Santander, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2230-1256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moncef","family":"Belhassen-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Medicina Interna, Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS), 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"myaf070","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myaf070","article-title":"Epidemiological shifts of invasive fungal infections in the current era of haematology","volume":"63","author":"Aiello","year":"2025","journal-title":"Med. 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