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The purpose of this list is to encourage the prioritization of fungal research and public policies to strengthen its control and combat fungal diseases. Among the criteria used in the analysis by the WHO to determine these critical threat pathogens were numbers of deaths; annual incidence; current global distribution; trends in the last 10 years; hospitalization; complications and sequelae; preventability; access to diagnostic tests; evidence-based treatments; and antifungal resistance. Difficulties in treatment, including due to antifungal resistance, are a major factor in the morbidity and mortality of these fungi. The fungal cell wall plays a fundamental role in maintaining cellular architecture and contributing to fungal survival. Thus, new approaches targeting the cell wall have been and are being developed. This review article aims to bring together studies from the last ten years focusing on the development of new treatment alternatives targeting the cell walls of the four critical priority fungi and discussing their potential for combating these deadly fungi of worldwide clinical importance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof12030162","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T10:59:16Z","timestamp":1772017156000},"page":"162","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Four Critical Priority Fungi According to the World Health Organization and the Hope for New Therapies: A Focus on Cell Wall Antifungal Targets"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4573-5743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel Davi","family":"Marena","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pathogenic Dimorphic Fungi, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4071-5364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela Corr\u00eaa","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food and Nutrition (FACFAN), Federal University of Mato Grosso Do Sul (UFMS), Cidade Universit\u00e1ria, Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martha Helena Chaves","family":"Magalh\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pathogenic Dimorphic Fungi, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3720-8430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia Marcondes","family":"Figueiredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pathogenic Dimorphic Fungi, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0036-507X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danilo Henrique","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pathogenic Dimorphic Fungi, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9905-5754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshua D.","family":"Nosanchuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medicine (Division of Infectious Diseases) and Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9928-9809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Pelleschi","family":"Taborda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pathogenic Dimorphic Fungi, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Institute of Tropical Medicine of S\u00e3o Paulo, Faculty of Medicine, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05403-000, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-024-01062-w","article-title":"The Pathobiology of Human Fungal Infections","volume":"22","author":"Brown","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. 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