{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T13:38:28Z","timestamp":1791898708870,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772755200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pulmonary histoplasmosis is often misdiagnosed as or coinfected with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). This study aims to analyze the misdiagnosis or co-occurrence of published cases of pulmonary TB and pulmonary histoplasmosis. Cases of histoplasmosis with dissemination were excluded, as it affects other organs. Systematic research was conducted using PubMed, EBSCOhost, ProQuest, BioRxiv, and MedRxiv databases. Twenty-seven articles were included, covering a total of 51 cases. Males were predominantly affected, with a median age of 54 years. Exposure to caves and farming occupations were identified as the primary sources of infection (61.9%). The most common clinical symptoms were fever (80%) and cough (82.5%). Laboratory tests revealed culture positivity in 77.1% of cases, with sputum being the most frequently used specimens. In proven pulmonary histoplasmosis, antibody tests were positive in 18 out of 24 cases. Chest X-rays commonly showed cavities, infiltrates, and nodules, with an increase in nodular pattern in recent cases. The number of pulmonary nodules detected was higher on chest computed tomography (CT). Radiologic abnormality could occur in any lung region. This review suggests the potential for misdiagnosis and\/or coinfection of pulmonary histoplasmosis and pulmonary TB. The combination of clinical suspicion, radiological findings, antibody and\/or antigen testing could improve the diagnosis of pulmonary histoplasmosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof12030190","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T09:22:14Z","timestamp":1772788934000},"page":"190","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Misdiagnosis and Coinfection of Localized Pulmonary Histoplasmosis with Pulmonary Tuberculosis: A Systematic Review of Published Cases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5981-0014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sem Samuel","family":"Surja","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral Program in Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia"},{"name":"Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jakarta 14440, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donnatella","family":"Valentina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jakarta 14440, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6819-410X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anita Devi Krishnan","family":"Thantry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Manipal University College Malaysia, Melaka 75150, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5694-3591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan Christianto","family":"Subagya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jakarta 14440, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edho","family":"Yuwono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Kristen Indonesia, Jakarta 13630, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darmadi","family":"Darmadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7486-0519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nisa","family":"Fauziah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Parasitology, Department of Basic Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40161, Indonesia"},{"name":"Research Center for Care and Control of Infectious Disease, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40161, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robiatul","family":"Adawiyah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia"},{"name":"Parasitology Laboratory, Universitas Indonesia Hospital, Depok 16424, Indonesia"},{"name":"Infectious Disease and Immunology Research Centre (IMERI), Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Retno","family":"Wahyuningsih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Kristen Indonesia, Jakarta 13630, Indonesia"},{"name":"Dharmais Cancer Hospital, Jakarta 11420, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofaa119","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa119","article-title":"Chronic Pulmonary Histoplasmosis-A Scoping Literature Review","volume":"7","author":"Baker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. 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