{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T17:14:18Z","timestamp":1789665258042,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Secretar\u00eda de Investigaci\u00f3n y Posgrado of the Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional","award":["SIP-20253928"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SIP-20253928"]}]},{"name":"Secretar\u00eda de Investigaci\u00f3n y Posgrado of the Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional","award":["SIP-20253474"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SIP-20253474"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Propolis is a bee product with a complex chemical composition that exhibits remarkable antifungal activity against C. albicans and can inhibit resistant biofilms thanks to its content of compounds such as flavonoids and phenolic acids. Its efficacy varies depending on its geographic origin: European propolis inhibits the initial formation of biofilms, while Brazilian propolis is superior at inhibiting mature biofilms. This product also possesses fungicidal and fungistatic properties comparable in efficacy to conventional drugs, such as nystatin, fluconazole, and chlorhexidine. The use of nanotechnology, such as nanoparticles or nanorods, has overcome the low solubility of propolis compounds, improving their bioavailability and reducing cell adhesion and hyphal formation. Moreover, the integration of propolis into dental materials demonstrate its versatility for preventing recurrent infections. The study of isolated compounds such as pinocembrin, galangin, and chrysin has facilitated the identification of specific mechanisms of action, and the application of molecules such as guttiferone E in photodynamic therapies and the discovery of quorum-sensing inhibitors, such as kaempferol, using in silico models have opened new avenues for blocking yeast communication and virulence. These findings position propolis as a multifaceted and promising therapeutic alternative, although there is a need to optimize formulations to ensure clinical safety and biocompatibility. In this review, we analyze research published around the world over the last 15 years on the effects of propolis against C. albicans biofilms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof12050301","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T10:38:14Z","timestamp":1776854294000},"page":"301","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Understanding the Effect of Propolis and Its Derivatives Against Candida Biofilm: New Approaches in the Search for Alternative Therapies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9754-5821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nelly","family":"Rivera-Ya\u00f1ez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisi\u00f3n de Investigaci\u00f3n y Posgrado, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico"},{"name":"Carrera de M\u00e9dico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4188-3044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karla Mariela","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Qu\u00edmica de Productos Naturales, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica Org\u00e1nica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Prol. de Carpio y Plan de Ayala, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 11340, Mexico"},{"name":"Laboratorio de Biolog\u00eda B\u00e1sica, Departamento de Zoolog\u00eda, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Prol. de Carpio y Plan de Ayala, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy Aline","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Rosas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Toxicolog\u00eda Molecular, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Av. Wilfrido Massieu, Esq. Manuel L. Stampa s\/n, Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 07738, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9025-8027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Francisco-Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Nano y Biomateriales Dentales, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala (FESI), Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico (UNAM), Avenida de los Barrios No. 1, Col. Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla de Baz, Estado de M\u00e9xico 54090, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4584-144X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oscar","family":"Nieto-Ya\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Nano y Biomateriales Dentales, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala (FESI), Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico (UNAM), Avenida de los Barrios No. 1, Col. Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla de Baz, Estado de M\u00e9xico 54090, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2369-6402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cecilia Carlota","family":"Barrera-Ortega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Nano y Biomateriales Dentales, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala (FESI), Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico (UNAM), Avenida de los Barrios No. 1, Col. Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla de Baz, Estado de M\u00e9xico 54090, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4675-4081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Glustein","family":"Pozo-Molina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carrera de M\u00e9dico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico"},{"name":"Laboratorio de Gen\u00e9tica y Oncolog\u00eda Molecular, Laboratorio 5, Edificio A4, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3444-1085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia Fabiola","family":"M\u00e9ndez-Catal\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisi\u00f3n de Investigaci\u00f3n y Posgrado, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico"},{"name":"Laboratorio de Gen\u00e9tica y Oncolog\u00eda Molecular, Laboratorio 5, Edificio A4, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4231-1961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adolfo Ren\u00e9","family":"M\u00e9ndez-Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carrera de M\u00e9dico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico"},{"name":"Laboratorio de Inmunolog\u00eda, Unidad de Morfofisiolog\u00eda y Funci\u00f3n, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5760-9955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Porfirio Alonso","family":"Ruiz-Hurtado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Toxicolog\u00eda Molecular, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Av. 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