{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T14:14:02Z","timestamp":1785420842384,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Mayo Clinic Department of Medicine Beacon program"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21AI152042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AI152042"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R43AI179331"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R43AI179331"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["R21AI152042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AI152042"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/044zkrt47","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["1R43AI179331"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R43AI179331"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/044zkrt47","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001109","name":"Flinn Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23-06534"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23-06534"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001109","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["23-06534"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23-06534"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/058qtek75","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The diagnosis of coccidioidomycosis is often achieved serologically by the detection of antibodies against fungal antigens. While several serologic tests are available for coccidioidomycosis, all of them are performed in a laboratory setting causing delays in diagnosis and therapeutic intervention. Point-of-care testing offers the ability to provide a shorter time to result by avoiding specimen send-out, minimizing processing steps, and employing expeditious immunochemical techniques. A preliminary trial of a rapid anti-coccidioidal antibody lateral flow assay (LFA) using fingerstick blood was performed on 22 patients with coccidioidomycosis at the point of care during outpatient clinic visits. Patients were tested longitudinally over the course of one year. An LFA reader was implemented to provide an objective result by quantifying the intensity of the test line band. There was close qualitative concordance observed between positive LFA results with send-out immunodiffusion (89.5%) and complement fixation (78.4%) standard of care clinical laboratory assays. Additionally, the relationship between LFA test line density values and traditional complement fixation antibody titers was assessed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof12050326","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T09:46:11Z","timestamp":1777455971000},"page":"326","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of a Rapid Lateral Flow Assay for Coccidioidomycosis to Monitor Antibody Levels in Patients Using Fingerstick Capillary Blood"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2532-8929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisca J.","family":"Grill","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA"},{"name":"Cactus Bio, LLC, Phoenix, AZ 85259, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Pedersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ 85054, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenta","family":"Reilly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ 85054, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas E.","family":"Grys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cactus Bio, LLC, Phoenix, AZ 85259, USA"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ 85054, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8118-9666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Douglas F.","family":"Lake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA"},{"name":"Cactus Bio, LLC, Phoenix, AZ 85259, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2267-1473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janis E.","family":"Blair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ 85054, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-020-00431-2","article-title":"Re-Drawing the Maps for Endemic Mycoses","volume":"185","author":"Ashraf","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Williams, S.L., and Chiller, T. (2022). Update on the Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Coccidioidomycosis. J. Fungi, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8070666"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1206.060028","article-title":"Coccidioidomycosis as a Common Cause of Community-Acquired Pneumonia","volume":"12","author":"Valdivia","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1097\/01.md.0000126762.91040.fd","article-title":"Coccidioidomycosis: A Descriptive Survey of a Reemerging Disease. Clinical Characteristics and Current Controversies","volume":"83","author":"Crum","year":"2004","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1406.049","article-title":"Laboratory Aspects in the Diagnosis of Coccidioidomycosis","volume":"1111","author":"Saubolle","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. 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Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.2307\/4589929","article-title":"Comparison of Complement Fixation Tests for Coccidioidomycosis","volume":"72","author":"Smith","year":"1957","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1128\/am.20.3.328-332.1970","article-title":"Comparison of Methods for Coccidioidomycosis Complement Fixaton","volume":"20","author":"Huppert","year":"1970","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2020.115198","article-title":"A Quantitative Enzyme-Linked Immunoassay (ELISA) to Approximate Complement-Fixing Antibody Titers in Serum from Patients with Coccidioidomycosis","volume":"99","author":"Peng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"(2025, September 12). 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