{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T06:54:34Z","timestamp":1781506474314,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"China National Key Research and Development Program Project: \u201cScreening and Cultivating Excellent Varieties of Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms Suitable for Juncao grass Cultivation\u201d","award":["2023YFD1600501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFD1600501"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Conventional sterilization methods limit smallholder mushroom cultivation in PNG. This study evaluated alternative disinfection approaches for Pleurotus ostreatus (P. ostreatus) using coffee parchment and Cenchrus fungiraminus (C. fungigraminus) as substrates. After screening 20 strains, the superior strain PXF9 was selected. Three methods were compared: (1) Complete Sterilization with Aseptic Inoculation (CSAI) applied to T1 (experimental) and T2 (sawdust control); (2) Short Sterilization with Open Inoculation (SSOI) applied to T3 (experimental) and T5 (control); and (3) Non sterilization with Open Inoculation (NSOI) applied to T4 (experimental). CSAI (T1) achieved the highest yield (3985.26 \u00b1 2.00 d g\/24 bags), biological efficiency (83.03%), protein (28.44 g\/100 g), and profit (14.76 USD), with the fastest colonization (21 days). SSOI (T3) produced the largest fruiting bodies; NSOI (T4) had the lowest heavy metal levels. SSOI and NSOI were economically beneficial (9.88 and 5.96 UDS per 24 bags). Bioactive compounds (e.g., naringenin, ergosterol peroxide), were detected across treatments. While CSAI maximizes productivity, SSOI and NSOI offer low-cost alternatives for resource-limited farmers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof12060432","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T05:59:47Z","timestamp":1781503187000},"page":"432","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Oyster Mushroom Cultivation on Coffee Parchment and Cenchrus fungigraminus: A Comparison of Disinfection Methods"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9604-6762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ben Menda","family":"Ukii","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China"},{"name":"National Engineering Research Center of Juncao Technology, International College of Juncao Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0585-701X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fuke","family":"Hako","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China"},{"name":"National Engineering Research Center of Juncao Technology, International College of Juncao Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdelnasser","family":"Taher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weizhen","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China"},{"name":"National Engineering Research Center of Juncao Technology, International College of Juncao Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Hui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China"},{"name":"National Engineering Research Center of Juncao Technology, International College of Juncao Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1713-1368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yulong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China"},{"name":"National Engineering Research Center of Juncao Technology, International College of Juncao Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhanxi","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China"},{"name":"National Engineering Research Center of Juncao Technology, International College of Juncao Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongmei","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China"},{"name":"National Engineering Research Center of Juncao Technology, International College of Juncao Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-8524(99)00047-4","article-title":"Influence of wheat cultivars on straw quality and Pleurotus ostreatus cultivation","volume":"71","author":"Labuschagne","year":"2000","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/S0032-9592(02)00040-7","article-title":"Some lignocellulosic wastes used as raw material in cultivation of the Pleurotus ostreatus culture mushroom","volume":"38","author":"Yildiz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Process Biochem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2004.01.050","article-title":"Evaluation of Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus sajor-caju nutritional characteristics when cultivated in different lignocellulosic wastes","volume":"88","author":"Bonatti","year":"2004","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9493","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb46090563","article-title":"Evaluation of the influence of varied Juncao grass substrates on physiological and enzymatic reactions of Pleurotus ostreatus","volume":"46","author":"Claude","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb47030143","article-title":"Enzymatic activity and nutrient profile assessment of three Pleurotus species under pasteurized Cenchrus fungigraminus cultivation","volume":"47","author":"Aimable","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"657","article-title":"Influence of substrate pasteurization methods on the yield of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus species)","volume":"39","author":"Ali","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pak. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1590\/S1413-70542010000400001","article-title":"Mushroom cultivation in Brazil: Challenges and potential for growth","volume":"34","author":"Dias","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ci\u00eanc. Agrotecnol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Lu, Y., Li, Z., Xie, M., Wen, F., Li, J., Rensing, C., Azam, S.M., Chen, J., and Luo, L. (2023). Non-sterile substrate cultivation of oyster mushrooms on fresh Giant Juncao grass: A scalable strategy for sustainable nutrition in underdeveloped regions. Front. Sustain. Food Syst., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fsufs.2025.1582869"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2013.02.006","article-title":"Yield and size of oyster mushroom grown on rice\/wheat straw basal substrate supplemented with cotton seed hull","volume":"20","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-009-2343-7","article-title":"Cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus and other edible mushrooms","volume":"85","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1014999616381","article-title":"Waste-reducing cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus pulmonarius on coffee pulp: Changes in the production of some lignocellulolytic enzymes","volume":"18","author":"Mata","year":"2002","journal-title":"World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"52","article-title":"Effect of different substrate disinfection methods on the production of Pleurotus ostreatus","volume":"4","author":"Atila","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Agric. Stud."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"107","article-title":"Oyster Mushroom Cultivation","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Lin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mushroom Grower\u2019s Handbook"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Chang, S.T., and Hayes, W.A. (1978). Cultivation of Pleurotus. The Biology and Cultivation of Edible Mushrooms, Elsevier. Available online: https:\/\/sci.bban.top\/pdf\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-168050-3.50031-1.pdf."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Chang, S.T., and Miles, P.G. (1989). Edible Mushrooms and Their Cultivation, CRC Press. Available online: https:\/\/www.sciepub.com\/reference\/137617."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2016.12.005","article-title":"Factors affecting mushroom Pleurotus spp","volume":"26","author":"Bellettini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-004-3494-4","article-title":"Cultivation of oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus spp.) on various lignocellulosic wastes","volume":"21","author":"Mandeel","year":"2005","journal-title":"World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"1826","article-title":"Cultivation and yield performance of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus florida) on wheat straw","volume":"6","author":"Agarawal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Chem. Stud."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"70","article-title":"Cultivation and determination of protein, elements and vitamin content of oyster mushroom","volume":"1","author":"Buba","year":"2022","journal-title":"Asian J. Biochem. Adv. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, S., Meena, R.S., and Jhariya, M.K. (2020). Agrochemicals impact on ecosystem and biomonitoring. Resources Use Efficiency in Agriculture, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-6953-1"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"213","article-title":"Effect of substrates on nutrient composition of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus sajor caju)","volume":"28","author":"Dunkwal","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Dairy. Foods Home Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Effiong, M.E., Umeokwochi, C.P., Afolabi, I.S., and Chukwuemeka, N.S. (2024). Assessing the nutritional quality of Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom). Front. Nutr., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1279208"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tiupova, A., Ol\u0119dzki, R., and Harasym, J. (2025). Physicochemical, functional, and antioxidative characteristics of oyster mushrooms. Appl. Sci., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/app15031655"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.36953\/ECJ.24802675","article-title":"Effect of agricultural waste on nutritional composition of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus)","volume":"25","author":"Akola","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecol. Environ. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boadu, K.B., Nsiah-Asante, R., Antwi, R.T., Obirikorang, K.A., Anokye, R., and Ansong, M. (2023). Influence of the chemical content of sawdust on the levels of important macronutrients and ash composition in pearl oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus). PLoS ONE, 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0287532"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.04.016","article-title":"Poisoning associated with the use of mushrooms: A review of the global pattern and main characteristics","volume":"128","author":"Govorushko","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Orywal, K., Socha, K., Nowakowski, P., Zo\u0144, W., Kaczy\u0144ski, P., Mroczko, B., \u0141ozowicka, B., and Perkowski, M. (2021). Health risk assessment of exposure to toxic elements resulting from consumption of dried wild-grown mushrooms available for sale. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0252834"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2005.06.007","article-title":"A quantitative analysis of prenatal methyl mercury exposure and cognitive development","volume":"29","author":"Cohen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shin, D.Y., Lee, S.M., Jang, Y., Lee, J., Lee, C.M., Cho, E.-M., and Seo, Y.R. (2023). Adverse human health effects of chromium by exposure route: A comprehensive review based on toxicogenomic approach. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24043410"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1007\/s12291-019-00839-8","article-title":"Cadmium in human diseases: It\u2019s more than just a mere metal","volume":"34","author":"Fatima","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J. Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"100094","article-title":"Bioaccumulation of lead (Pb) and its effects on human: A review","volume":"7","author":"Collin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater. Adv."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-008-9238-x","article-title":"Arsenic levels in rice grain and assessment of daily dietary intake of arsenic from rice in arsenic-contaminated regions of Bangladesh\u2014Implications to groundwater irrigation","volume":"31","author":"Rahman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Geochem. Health"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Stamets, P. (2000). Growing Gourmet and Medicinal Mushrooms, Ten Speed Press. [3rd ed.]. Available online: https:\/\/www.dl.begellhouse.com\/journals\/708ae68d64b17c52,2e5fc0e3182d70db,494139355238c391.html."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00009135","article-title":"Direct determination of total soil carbohydrate content by the phenol-sulfuric acid method","volume":"143","year":"1992","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1021\/ac60147a030","article-title":"Use of dinitrosalicylic acid reagent for determination of reducing sugar","volume":"31","author":"Miller","year":"1959","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1021\/ac60111a017","article-title":"Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances","volume":"28","author":"DuBois","year":"1956","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"(2011). Determination of Dry Matter and Water Content in Soil: Gravimetric Method (Standard No. HJ 613-2011). Available online: https:\/\/www.chinesestandard.net\/PDF\/English.aspx\/HJ613-2011."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"(2016). Determination of Fat in Foods (Standard No. GB 5009.6-2016). Available online: https:\/\/www.chinesestandard.net\/PDF-EN\/GB5009.6-2016EN-P12P-H10054H-861711.pdf."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"(2003). Determination of Crude Fiber in Vegetable Foods (Standard No. GB\/T 5009.10-2003). Available online: https:\/\/www.chinesestandard.net\/PDF\/English.aspx\/GBT5009.10-2003."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"(2016). Determination of Ash in Foods (Standard No. GB 5009.4-2016). Available online: www.ChineseStandard.net."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"(2016). Determination of Multi-Elements in Foods (Standard No. GB 5009.268-2016). Available online: https:\/\/www.chinesestandard.net\/PDF-EN\/GB5009.268-2016EN-P07P-H5844H-255926.pdf."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.21817\/ijet\/2019\/v11i4\/191104050","article-title":"Impact different level of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) on growth and yield of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus spp.)","volume":"11","author":"Ghareeb","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1007\/s10295-002-0021-1","article-title":"Comparative study on the growth and yield of Pleurotus ostreatus mushroom on different lignocellulosic by-products","volume":"30","author":"Obodai","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.9734\/afsj\/2021\/v20i530299","article-title":"Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) cultivation using sawdust and different organic manures","volume":"20","author":"Orngu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Asian Food Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5219939","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/5219939","article-title":"Cultivation of different oyster mushroom (Pleurotus species) on coffee waste and determination of their relative biological efficiency and pectinase enzyme production, Ethiopia","volume":"2022","author":"Dissasa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"551","article-title":"Cultivation of Pleurotus mushrooms on Brazilian coffee husk and effects of caffeine and tannic acid","volume":"46","author":"Fan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"45","article-title":"Effect of different substrate sterilization methods on performance of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus)","volume":"16","author":"Shrestha","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e19051","article-title":"Performance of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) on paddy straw, water hyacinth and their combinations","volume":"9","author":"Subedi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Oei, P. (1991). Manual on Mushroom Cultivation: Techniques, Species and Opportunities for Commercial Applications in Developing Countries, Tool Foundation."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025100731410","article-title":"Correlation of the properties of several lignocellulosic substrates to the crop performance of the shiitake mushroom Lentinula edodes","volume":"19","author":"Philippoussis","year":"2003","journal-title":"World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-016-0265-1","article-title":"Growth and yield performance of Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq. Fr.) Kumm (oyster mushroom) on different substrates","volume":"6","author":"Girmay","year":"2016","journal-title":"AMB Express"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.5897\/AJMR2014.6697","article-title":"Effect of different grains and alternate substrates on oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) production","volume":"8","author":"Bilal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Afr. J. Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"2619","article-title":"Growth, development and yield of oyster mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq. Ex. Fr.) Kummer as affected by different spawn rates","volume":"39","author":"Bhatti","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pak. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"110","article-title":"Variability of nutrient content of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus florida) grown on different substrates","volume":"49","author":"Harikrishna","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mysore J. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"46","article-title":"Nutrient composition of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus), grown on rubber wood sawdust in Calabar, Nigeria, and the nutrient variability between harvest times","volume":"8","author":"Essien","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biotechnol. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"40","article-title":"Cultivation and determination of nutritional value on edible mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus","volume":"6","author":"Kajendran","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biotechnol. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, C., Dong, Q., Chen, M., Zhao, R., Zha, L., Zhao, Y., Zhang, M., Zhang, B., and Ma, A. (2023). The effect of mushroom dietary fiber on the gut microbiota and related health benefits: A review. J. Fungi, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof9101028"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7371","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5b02942","article-title":"Modulation of cholesterol-related gene expression by dietary fiber fractions from edible mushrooms","volume":"63","author":"Caz","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2405","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03849-12","article-title":"Redundancy among manganese peroxidases in Pleurotus ostreatus","volume":"79","author":"Salame","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"21","article-title":"Mushroom cultivation in relation to vertical farming: A booming entrepreneurship","volume":"Volume 3","author":"Sharma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Futuristic Trends in Biotechnology"},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"1","article-title":"Production of enzymes and biotransformation of orange waste by oyster mushroom, Pleurotus pulmonarius (Fr.) Qu\u00e9l","volume":"5","author":"Ferreira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"1","article-title":"Naringenin: A promising phytochemical for health and nutraceutical applications","volume":"16","author":"Goyal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santana De Oliveira, M. (2020). Terpenoids as important bioactive constituents of essential oils. Essential Oils: Bioactive Compounds, New Perspectives and Applications, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.87266"},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"(1995). General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Food and Feed (Standard No. Codex Stan 193-1995)."}],"container-title":["Journal of Fungi"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2309-608X\/12\/6\/432\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T06:35:31Z","timestamp":1781505331000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2309-608X\/12\/6\/432"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["jof12060432"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jof12060432","relation":{},"ISSN":["2309-608X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2309-608X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]]}}}