{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T06:54:35Z","timestamp":1781506475332,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,14]],"date-time":"2026-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781395200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The interaction between Pneumocystis jirovecii and systemic inflammation has emerged as a potential modulator of cardiovascular risk. This review describes the potential of \u03b2-glucans to contribute to atherogenic inflammation. A narrative review was developed on the PubMed\/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar databases. The inflammatory pathways induced by \u03b2-glucans from P. jirovecii contrast with the immunometabolic effects of dietary \u03b2-glucans. The relevance of serum (1\u21923)-\u03b2-D-glucans as a marker of systemic exposure was also described, although it is not specific to P. jirovecii. P. jirovecii \u03b2-glucans activate Syk\u2013CARD9\u2013NF\u03baB, MAPK and STAT3 signalling pathways. This signalling promotes proinflammatory monocyte\/macrophage polarization and a systemic microenvironment of low-grade inflammation with proatherogenic potential. The serum persistence of (1\u21923)-\u03b2-D-glucan indicates prolonged exposure, even in the absence of overt clinical manifestations of colonization. Conversely, dietary \u03b2-glucans have been observed to elicit regulatory effects facilitated by microbiota and metabolism. In experimental setting, a causal link has been established between fungal \u03b2-glucans and atherosclerosis. P. jirovecii \u03b2-glucans act as immunological mediators capable of amplifying pulmonary and systemic inflammation, constituting a possible modulator of cardiovascular risk. Distinguishing between fungal and dietary \u03b2-glucans is imperative for comprehending emerging mechanisms of vascular inflammation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof12060434","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T05:59:47Z","timestamp":1781503187000},"page":"434","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["\u03b2-Glucans, Pneumocystis jirovecii and Atherogenic Inflammation: From Pulmonary Immunity to Cardiovascular Risk"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jos\u00e9 C.","family":"Castillo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Health Sciences, Graduate School, Keiser University, West Palm Beach, FL 33409, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrique","family":"Iglesias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Ingenier\u00eda Gen\u00e9tica y Biotecnolog\u00eda, Havana 11400, 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