{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]],"date-time":"2026-09-06T06:17:36Z","timestamp":1788675456794,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Zepto Life Technology Inc."},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007249","name":"University of Minnesota","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["#CON000000107958"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#CON000000107958"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007249","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["#CON000000107958"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#CON000000107958"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/017zqws13","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Clinical suspicion and diagnosis of Pneumocystis infections rely on a combination of compatible clinical, radiologic, and diagnostic findings. We noted an extrapulmonary Pneumocystis infection when evaluating residual plasma samples from patients with possible invasive fungal infections using cell-free DNA (cfDNA) Giant Magnetoresistance (GMR) (FungiFlex\u00ae, Zepto Life Technology). A man, immunocompromised for 27 years due to kidney transplantations, developed fever and rising aminotransferase enzyme levels during transient escalation of immunosuppressive therapy. Except for an elevated (1,3)-beta-D-glucan, further laboratory testing did not find the highly suspected histoplasmosis. Daily plasma blood samples for cfDNA fungal GMR testing were examined for histoplasmosis; however, the fungal GMR signal was only positive for Pneumocystis jirovecii in all four samples. In retrospect, the transient escalation of immunosuppressive dosing created a temporary net state of over-immunosuppression that was permissive for Pneumocystis. Additionally, the assay corroborated pulmonary pneumocystosis for a second patient, was negative for a third patient with colonization, and was negative for a fourth patient when fevers correlated with an abdominal bacterial process. Within the exploratory nature of the findings, we find that the reference standard for defining Pneumocystis is imperfect and may not accurately identify all cases. cfDNA testing may supplement existing laboratory testing and improve the diagnosis of Pneumocystis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof12060435","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T05:59:47Z","timestamp":1781503187000},"page":"435","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Extrapulmonary and Other Pneumocystis jirovecii Infections Diagnosed via Fungal Cell-Free DNA Using Giant Magnetoresistance Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4182-341X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo-Anne H.","family":"Young","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease and International Medicine, University of Minnesota, MMC 250, 420 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4131-647X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karam M.","family":"Obeid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease and International Medicine, University of Minnesota, MMC 250, 420 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5338-602X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minggan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zepto Life Technology, Inc., Saint Paul, MN 55114, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Sweet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zepto Life Technology, Inc., Saint Paul, MN 55114, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob","family":"Panten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zepto Life Technology, Inc., Saint Paul, MN 55114, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8027-8376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiffany J.","family":"Huwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zepto Life Technology, Inc., Saint Paul, MN 55114, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoying","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zepto Life Technology, Inc., Saint Paul, MN 55114, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5520(20)30713-3","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii and parasitic infections in transplantation","volume":"9","author":"Fishman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Infect. 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