{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T04:51:33Z","timestamp":1782449493762,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Trichosporon is a type of non-candida yeast-like fungus. At one time, it was commonly reported in immunocompromised patients, but after the introduction of fluconazole as prophylaxis and for the treatment of fungal infections, there was a decrease in the incidence of the disease. With the introduction of echinocandins as the first line of treatment for fungal infections, and the intrinsic resistance of Trichosporon to the drug, there has been a small but increased reported incidence of the disease. Trichosporon usually causes skin infections, but invasive disease can occur in vulnerable patients. Endocarditis due to Trichosporon has been reported rarely, and usually occurs in prosthetic valves. In this paper, we report a patient with dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease who presented with fever and was found to have native aortic valve endocarditis. In view of the large vegetation, he underwent early aortic valve replacement. Both the blood and tissue cultures grew Trichosporon spp. Post-operatively, he developed fungal septic shock, deteriorated, and died. Invasive Trichosporon disease has been associated with high rates of mortality ranging from 30 to 90%. There is limited literature on endocarditis resulting from Trichosporon. Specific treatment recommendations are unavailable, and a combination of surgery and prolonged antifungal medication will generally be required.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof12060447","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T13:04:04Z","timestamp":1781874244000},"page":"447","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Native Valve Endocarditis Due to Trichosporon\u00a0mycotoxinivorans\u2014An Uncommon Presentation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9622-4230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kirun","family":"Gopal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular & Thoracic Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham (Amrita University), Kochi 682041, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9036-7126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nandita","family":"Shashindran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham (Amrita University), Kochi 682041, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2116-2821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rajesh","family":"Jose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular & Thoracic Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham (Amrita University), Kochi 682041, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3978-2874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Praveen Kerala","family":"Varma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular & Thoracic Surgery, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham (Amrita University), Kochi 682041, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mul\u00e8, A., Rossini, F., Sollima, A., Lenzi, A., Fumarola, B., Amadasi, S., Chiari, E., Lorenzotti, S., Saccani, B., and Van Hauwermeiren, E. (2023). Trichosporon asahii Infective Endocarditis of Prosthetic Valve: A Case Report and Literature Review. Antibiotics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12071181"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00003-11","article-title":"Current knowledge of Trichosporon spp. and Trichosporonosis","volume":"24","author":"Colombo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e375","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00203-6","article-title":"Global guideline for the diagnosis and management of rare yeast infections: An initiative of the ECMM in cooperation with ISHAM and ASM","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22584","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000022584","article-title":"Prosthetic valve endocarditis by Trichosporon mucoides: A case report and review of literature","volume":"99","author":"Oh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-198607000-00005","article-title":"Trichosporonosis in patients with neoplastic disease","volume":"65","author":"Walsh","year":"1986","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa010494","article-title":"Fluconazole prophylaxis against fungal colonization and infection in preterm infants","volume":"345","author":"Kaufman","year":"2001","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"2632","article-title":"Breakthrough trichosporonosis in patients receiving echinocandins: Case report and literature review","volume":"125","author":"Liao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J. (Engl.)"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Almeida J\u00fanior, J.N., and Hennequin, C. (2016). Invasive Trichosporon Infection: A Systematic Review on a Re-emerging Fungal Pathogen. Front. Microbiol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01629"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.03.026","article-title":"Species distribution and antifungal susceptibility of 358 Trichosporon clinical isolates collected in 24 medical centres","volume":"25","author":"Francisco","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3091","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00460-09","article-title":"Trichosporon mycotoxinivorans, a novel respiratory pathogen in patients with cystic fibrosis","volume":"47","author":"Hickey","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0609.2010.01410.x","article-title":"Fatal Trichosporon fungemia in patients with hematologic malignancies","volume":"84","author":"Suzuki","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2024.107568","article-title":"Emergence of Apiotrichum mycotoxinivorans Invasive Infection in Thailand: Report of The First Four Cases in Southeast Asia","volume":"152","author":"Chayakulkeeree","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iturrieta-Gonz\u00e1lez, I.A., Padovan, A.C., Bizerra, F.C., Hahn, R.C., and Colombo, A.L. (2014). Multiple species of Trichosporon produce biofilms highly resistant to triazoles and amphotericin B. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0109553"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0031925","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00319-25","article-title":"In vitro activity of isavuconazole, ravuconazole, and comparison of the Sensititre YeastOne and CLSI broth microdilution methods against clinical isolates of Trichosporon species","volume":"63","author":"Lo","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Fungi"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2309-608X\/12\/6\/447\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T04:41:36Z","timestamp":1782448896000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2309-608X\/12\/6\/447"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["jof12060447"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jof12060447","relation":{},"ISSN":["2309-608X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2309-608X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]]}}}