{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T11:04:43Z","timestamp":1785409483515,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,21]],"date-time":"2026-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782000000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100032910","name":"Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100032910","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02w7k5y22","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Deep dermatophytosis is a rare, life-threatening fungal infection characterised by the invasion of dermatophytes beyond the superficial layers of keratinised tissue into the dermis and subcutaneous tissues. The present review aimed to identify the current knowledge on the role of Caspase Recruitment Domain-containing protein 9 (CARD9) deficiency in the pathogenesis, clinical spectrum, diagnosis, and management of deep dermatophytosis. For innate immune activation, CARD9 acts as an adaptor molecule. Basically, CARD9 helps mediate the connection between the fungal pattern recognition receptor (Dectin-1) and the NF-\u03baB and MAPK signalling pathways, and it mediates cytokine production, thereby activating phagocytic activities. Thereby, any change or mutation in the CARD9 gene may disrupt these pathways, leading to dysfunctional neutrophils and impaired Th17-mediated antifungal immunity. Clinically, patients with CARD9 deficiency are immunocompetent but susceptible to recurrent and\/or severe fungal infections [Candida, dermatophytes (Trichophyton spp.), and phaeohyphomycetes]. Deep dermatophytosis in these patients is usually chronic, treatment-resistant, and characterized by erythematous papules, nodules, plaques, ulcers, or necrotic lesions, most of which occur on the lower limbs. It usually occurs in adulthood and is more common in males. There have been instances of geographic clustering of CARD9 deficiency in Asia, North Africa, and the Middle East. Early recognition and genetic diagnosis of CARD9 mutations in patients with recurrent or atypical deep dermatophytosis. Although antifungal therapy is essential, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation can be a definitive treatment for selected patients with CARD9 deficiency. Thus, CARD9 deficiency is a critical factor in the better management of patients but remains an underrecognized cause of severe, treatment-resistant deep dermatophytosis, and early genetic diagnosis is essential for guiding targeted management and improving patient outcomes. This review emphasises the importance of CARD9 in antifungal immunity and underscores the need for greater clinical awareness and the incorporation of genetic evaluation into the management of deep dermatophytosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof12060451","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T01:03:23Z","timestamp":1782263003000},"page":"451","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Unraveling CARD9 Mutations in Deep Dermatophytosis: A Genetic Gateway to Fungal Invasion and Immune Dysfunction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0436-7726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dipika","family":"Shaw","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Sawangi (Meghe), Wardha 442001, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0947-9815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gargi","family":"Mudey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Sawangi (Meghe), Wardha 442001, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunil","family":"Dogra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Venerology & Leprology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7481-2330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hitaishi","family":"Mehta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Venerology & Leprology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.25259\/IJDVL_303_20","article-title":"The unprecedented epidemic-like scenario of dermatophytosis in India: III. Antifungal resistance and treatment options","volume":"87","author":"Verma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J. Dermatol. Venereol. Leprol."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"e77523","article-title":"Clinical and Microbiological Spectrum of Dermatophytosis from a Tertiary Care Institute","volume":"67","author":"Sudhaharan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13212","article-title":"Invasive dermatophyte infection: A systematic review","volume":"64","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-024-00848-1","article-title":"Expert Panel Review of Skin and Hair Dermatophytoses in an Era of Antifungal Resistance","volume":"25","author":"Hill","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S145027","article-title":"Majocchi\u2019s granuloma: Current perspectives","volume":"11","author":"Borat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Bouchara, J.P., Nenoff, P., Gupta, A.K., and Chaturvedi, V. (2023). Invasive Dermatophytoses: Clinical Presentations, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Dermatophytes and Dermatophytoses, Springer."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23","DOI":"10.1097\/DAD.0000000000000702","article-title":"Dermatophytic Pseudomycetoma of the Scalp","volume":"39","author":"Fiala","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Dermatopathol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.2005.01839.x","article-title":"Invasive dermatophytosis with lymph node involvement in an immunocompetent patient","volume":"30","author":"Tejasvi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1208487","article-title":"Deep Dermatophytosis and Inherited CARD9 Deficiency","volume":"369","author":"Lanternier","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0810719","article-title":"A Homozygous CARD9 Mutation in a Family with Susceptibility to Fungal Infections","volume":"361","author":"Glocker","year":"2009","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"2203","article-title":"The adaptor protein CARD9, from fungal immunity to tumorigenesis","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-016-0255-8","article-title":"Chronic and Invasive Fungal Infections in a Family with CARD9 Deficiency","volume":"36","author":"Lodewick","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Sun, P.L. (2022). Deep Dermatophytosis. Asia Fungal Working Group Newsletter, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mmcr.2018.03.001","article-title":"Subcutaneous abscesses caused by Trichophyton rubrum in the unilateral groin of an immunocompromised patient: A case report","volume":"21","author":"Hata","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Mycol. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12317","article-title":"Case of dermatophyte abscess caused by Trichophyton rubrum: A case report and review of the literature","volume":"58","author":"Inaoki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E63","DOI":"10.3314\/mmj.17-00003","article-title":"A giant dermatophyte abscess caused by Trichophyton rubrum in an immunocompromised patient","volume":"58","author":"Toyoki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Mycol. J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-3083.2000.00015.x","article-title":"Extensive and deep dermatophytosis caused by Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. Interdigitalis in an HIV-1 positive patient","volume":"14","author":"Camacho","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1988.tb01269.x","article-title":"Deep Dermatophytosis to Trichophyton rubrum and T. verrucosum in an Immunosuppressed Patient","volume":"27","author":"Lestringant","year":"1988","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.05.008","article-title":"Deep dermatophytosis caused by Trichophyton rubrum with concomitant disseminated nocardiosis in a renal transplant recipient","volume":"51","author":"Arikan","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2009.04458.x","article-title":"Invasive cutaneous Trichophyton shoenleinii infection in an immunosuppressed patient","volume":"50","author":"Dan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12001","article-title":"Deep Trichophyton rubrum infection presenting with umbilicated papulonodules in a cardiac transplant recipient","volume":"56","author":"Demiriz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e328","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.16432","article-title":"Image Gallery: Molluscum contagiosum-like facial lesions in a patient with a renal transplant: Deep dermatophytosis due to Trichophyton rubrum","volume":"178","author":"Ergen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"250","article-title":"La maladie dermatophytique avec d\u00e9ficit en CARD9: Un nouveau cas avec une atteinte c\u00e9r\u00e9brale","volume":"27","author":"Amrani","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mycol. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-015-0170-4","article-title":"A Homozygous CARD9 Mutation in a Brazilian Patient with Deep Dermatophytosis","volume":"35","author":"Grumach","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.16995","article-title":"Deep dermatophytosis caused by Trichophyton rubrum in an elderly patient with CARD9 deficiency: A case report and literature review","volume":"51","author":"Ansai","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, J., Yu, Q., Gao, Z., Yang, H., Chen, Q., and Yang, L. (2022). Case report: Severe deep ulcer on the left abdomen mimicking mycosis fungoides caused by Trichophyton tonsurans in a patient with novel CARD9 mutation. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1015000"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-020-00487-0","article-title":"CARD9 Deficiency in a Chinese Man with Cutaneous Mucormycosis, Recurrent Deep Dermatophytosis and a Review of the Literature","volume":"185","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2014.2154","article-title":"Posaconazole treatment of extensive skin and nail dermatophytosis due to autosomal recessive deficiency of CARD9","volume":"151","author":"Jachiet","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1111\/cup.13574","article-title":"Novel CARD9 mutation in a patient with chronic invasive dermatophyte infection (tinea profunda)","volume":"47","author":"Nazarian","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cutan. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.18146","article-title":"Deep dermatophytosis caused by Microsporum ferrugineum in a patient with CARD9 mutations","volume":"181","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drummond, R.A., Franco, L.M., and Lionakis, M.S. (2018). Human CARD9: A critical molecule of fungal immune surveillance. Front. Immunol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01836"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, A., Hu, Z., Zou, H., Zhang, J., Zhang, D., Wang, H., Zhong, J., and Chen, B. (2022). CARD9 in host immunity to fungal, bacterial, viral, and parasitic infections: An update. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1021837"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, X., Jiang, B., Hao, H., and Liu, Z. (2022). CARD9 Signaling, Inflammation, and Diseases. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.880879"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1426","article-title":"The adaptor protein CARD9 is required for innate immune responses to intracellular pathogens","volume":"8","author":"Hsu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s00395-020-0790-6","article-title":"CARD9 promotes autophagy in cardiomyocytes in myocardial ischemia\/reperfusion injury via interacting with Rubicon directly","volume":"115","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Basic Res. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201041252","article-title":"The role of Syk\/CARD9 coupled C-type lectins in antifungal immunity","volume":"41","author":"Drummond","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.11.018","article-title":"Vav Proteins Are Key Regulators of Card9 Signaling for Innate Antifungal Immunity","volume":"17","author":"Roth","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2307","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20132349","article-title":"CARD9 mediates Dectin-1-induced ERK activation by linking Ras-GRF1 to H-Ras for antifungal immunity","volume":"211","author":"Jia","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drummond, R.A., Collar, A.L., Swamydas, M., Rodriguez, C.A., Lim, J.K., Mendez, L.M., Fink, D.L., Hsu, A.P., Zhai, B., and Karauzum, H. (2015). CARD9-Dependent Neutrophil Recruitment Protects against Fungal Invasion of the Central Nervous System. PLoS Pathog., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005293"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1460","article-title":"Syk- and CARD9-dependent coupling of innate immunity to the induction of T helper cells that produce interleukin 17","volume":"8","author":"Robinson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jartarkar, S.R., Patil, A., Goldust, Y., Cockerell, C.J., Schwartz, R.A., Grabbe, S., and Goldust, M. (2022). Pathogenesis, Immunology and Management of Dermatophytosis. J. Fungi, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8010039"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng, R., Wang, X., and Li, R. (2023). Dermatophyte infection: From fungal pathogenicity to host immune responses. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1285887"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-018-0539-2","article-title":"Inherited CARD9 Deficiency: Invasive Disease Caused by Ascomycete Fungi in Previously Healthy Children and Adults","volume":"38","author":"Corvilain","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01089-13","article-title":"Defect of CARD9 leads to impaired accumulation of gamma interferon-producing memory phenotype T cells in lungs and increased susceptibility to pulmonary infection with Cryptococcus neoformans","volume":"82","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-016-0029-0","article-title":"Impairment of Immune Response against Dematiaceous Fungi in Card9 Knockout Mice","volume":"181","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jhingran, A., Kasahara, S., Shepardson, K.M., Junecko, B.A., Heung, L.J., Kumasaka, D.K., Knoblaugh, S.E., Lin, X., Kazmierczak, B.I., and Reinhart, T.A. (2015). Compartment-Specific and Sequential Role of MyD88 and CARD9 in Chemokine Induction and Innate Defense during Respiratory Fungal Infection. PLoS Pathog., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004589"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04926","article-title":"Card9 controls a non-TLR signalling pathway for innate anti-fungal immunity","volume":"442","author":"Gross","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2005.07.028","article-title":"Stimulation, inhibition and death of macrophages infected with Trichophyton rubrum","volume":"8","author":"Campos","year":"2006","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2014-01-551473","article-title":"Two independent killing mechanisms of Candida albicans by human neutrophils: Evidence from innate immunity defects","volume":"124","author":"Gazendam","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e89890","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.89890","article-title":"Extrapulmonary Aspergillus infection in patients with CARD9 deficiency","volume":"1","author":"Rieber","year":"2021","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41082","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.C000726200","article-title":"CARD9 is a novel caspase recruitment domain-containing protein that interacts with BCL10\/CLAP and activates NF-\u03baB","volume":"275","author":"Bertin","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2012.01110.x","article-title":"Regulation of NF-\u03baB by the CARD proteins","volume":"246","author":"Jiang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2013.02.006","article-title":"Caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 9 signaling in innate immunity and inflammation","volume":"34","author":"Roth","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2009.03.002","article-title":"CARD9 versus CARMA1 in innate and adaptive immunity","volume":"30","author":"Hara","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000001028","article-title":"Successful granulocyte colony-stimulating factor treatment of relapsing Candida albicans meningoencephalitis caused by CARD9 deficiency","volume":"35","author":"Celmeli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"457","article-title":"Deep dermatophytosis: Report of 2 cases and review of the literature","volume":"67","author":"Chastain","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-022-00633-w","article-title":"Bedside Diagnosis for Disseminated Deep Dermatophytosis: A Case Series Study","volume":"187","author":"Xia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S12","DOI":"10.4103\/CDR.CDR_39_17","article-title":"Emerging atypical and unusual presentations of dermatophytosis in India","volume":"1","author":"Dogra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Dermatol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Durdu, M. (2018). Diagnostic Approach to Granulomatous Diseases. Cutaneous Cytology and Tzanck Smear Test, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-10722-2"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/0196-4399(91)90069-8","article-title":"Direct microscopic examination of clinical specimens for the laboratory diagnosis of fungal infections","volume":"13","author":"Aslanzadeh","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Newsl."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1111\/cup.12865","article-title":"Correlation between histopathologic features and likelihood of identifying superficial dermatophytosis with periodic acid Schiff-diastase staining: A cohort study","volume":"44","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cutan. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.5021\/ad.2014.26.2.286","article-title":"Clues\u2019 for the histological diagnosis of tinea: How reliable are they?","volume":"26","author":"Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.4103\/CDR.CDR_35_17","article-title":"Overview and Update on the Laboratory Diagnosis of Dermatophytosis","volume":"1","author":"Shivaprakash","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Dermatol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kabtani, J., Diongue, K., Dione, J.N., Delmas, A., L\u2019Ollivier, C., Amoureux, M.C., Ndiaye, D., and Ranque, S. (2021). Real-time pcr assay for the detection of dermatophytes: Comparison between an in-house method and a commercial kit for the diagnosis of dermatophytoses in patients from dakar, senegal. J. Fungi, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7110949"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ademe, M. (2020). Immunomodulation for the Treatment of Fungal Infections: Opportunities and Challenges. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00469"}],"container-title":["Journal of Fungi"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2309-608X\/12\/6\/451\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T04:55:58Z","timestamp":1782536158000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2309-608X\/12\/6\/451"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,21]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["jof12060451"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jof12060451","relation":{},"ISSN":["2309-608X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2309-608X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,21]]}}}