{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T18:53:25Z","timestamp":1792004005926,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":160,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo\u2013FAPESP","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024\/21731-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024\/21731-8"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["2024\/21731-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024\/21731-8"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02ddkpn78","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dermatophytosis is a cutaneous mycosis caused by keratinolytic fungi, classified as dermatophytes, affecting 20\u201325% of the global population and representing a significant public health concern. The disease manifests as circular, erythematous, pruritic, and desquamative skin lesions, hair breakage and loss, and nail degradation, leading to considerable morbidity. In addition, dermatophytosis can markedly impair patients\u2019 quality of life. Despite the high global prevalence of dermatophytosis, the causative agents are often misdiagnosed, and there is limited data on the epidemiology and genomic surveillance of dermatophytosis worldwide. This review aims to update the global epidemiology of dermatophytosis and dermatophytes while addressing their taxonomy, pathogenesis, virulence factors, clinical manifestations, and antifungal therapy. Consistently, Trichophyton spp., particularly T. rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, and T. interdigitale, remain the predominant pathogens worldwide. Recently, T. indotineae has gained prominence due to its global dissemination, significant terbinafine resistance, extensive lesions, therapeutic failure, and recurrence. Furthermore, studies have reported endogenous cases of T. indotineae infections in Asia and Europe, and exogenous reports in the Americas and Oceania. Among non-Trichophyton dermatophytes, Microsporum canis and M. audouinii stand out as relevant pathogens, particularly in endemic regions and specific clinical settings, such as scalp infections. Overall, these factors emphasize the importance of global vigilance regarding dermatophyte dissemination. This review also highlights a discrepancy between accurate fungal identification and global reporting, raising concerns regarding epidemiological surveillance and underscoring the need for improved strategies to manage dermatophytosis worldwide.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof12070503","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T10:16:22Z","timestamp":1783592182000},"page":"503","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Dermatophytosis: An Update on Global Epidemiology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7394-5201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura Beatriz Borim da","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Gen\u00e9tica, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Bioci\u00eancias de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-689, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1216-1897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lar\u00edssa Santos de","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Gen\u00e9tica, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Bioci\u00eancias de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-689, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thiago Blanco Parra","family":"Furlan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Gen\u00e9tica, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Bioci\u00eancias de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-689, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruna Carolina Teixeira","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma\u00edra Terra","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Bioci\u00eancias e Diagn\u00f3stico Bucal, Instituto de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12245-000, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1644-6942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yinggai","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2762-3200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nalu Teixeira de Aguiar","family":"Peres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil"},{"name":"National Institute of Science and Technology in Human Pathogenic Fungi, S\u00e3o Paulo 13083-862, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3186-885X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo Henrique Fonseca do","family":"Carmo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Gen\u00e9tica, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Bioci\u00eancias de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-689, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0138325","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01383-25","article-title":"Comparative gene expression analysis in closely related dermatophytes reveals secondary metabolism as a candidate driver of virulence","volume":"13","author":"Hubka","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microbiol. 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