{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T10:07:41Z","timestamp":1784801261189,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Higher Education and Science Committee of the Republic of Armenia","award":["23LCG-1F007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23LCG-1F007"]}]},{"name":"JACE Foundation\u2019s Research Innovation Grant Program at AUA"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Fungi","JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigates lichen colonisation on a medieval basalt Armenian cross-stone (khachkar) in the Noratus cemetery, the largest extant concentration of memorial khachkars in Armenia, integrating fine-scale vegetation sampling, microhabitat assessment, and multivariate analysis. A preliminary survey of c. 30 cross-stones confirmed that the selected one was representative of the site. Thirty-six evenly spaced relev\u00e9s of 10 cm2 were recorded across the surface, with lichens identified macroscopically in situ and supported by laboratory-verified reference material from outside the protected area. Microhabitat descriptors were recorded, and ecological preferences were assessed using indicator values. The main environmental drivers at Noratus appear to be high solar irradiation, pronounced aridity and especially elevated nutrient deposition. Numerical classification and ordination revealed three main lichen communities, structured primarily by micro-scale water availability, exposure, and nutrient enrichment, which occupy different portions of the monument. The absence of endolithic lichens, together with the dry\u2013cold climate of Noratus and the resistance of basalt to bioweathering, suggests limited structural impact. However, pronounced chromatic alteration was observed, producing a characteristic polychromy on the cross-stones. Lichen removal is likely to be problematic due to the extent of the cemetery, the prevalence of vegetative reproduction, and rapid recolonisation of nitrophilous species. This is the first study ever carried out on lichen colonisation of Armenian cross-stones, which are inscribed on the UNESCO List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. The results provide a baseline for future monitoring and support a conservation approach balancing material risk assessment with aesthetic considerations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof12080547","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T09:11:26Z","timestamp":1784797886000},"page":"547","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Life on UNESCO Heritage: Modelling Lichen Colonization on an Armenian Cross-Stone (Khachkar)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3523-0183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pier Luigi","family":"Nimis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, 34127 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastiano","family":"Dose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, 34127 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8333-094X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Pittao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, 34127 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naira","family":"Sargsyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lichen Research and Conservation Group, Institute of Botany After A. Takhtajyan State Non-Commercial Organization, 1 Acharyan Str., Yerevan 0063, Armenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0390-6169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucia","family":"Muggia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, 34127 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8345-6115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arsen","family":"Gasparyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lichen Research and Conservation Group, Institute of Botany After A. Takhtajyan State Non-Commercial Organization, 1 Acharyan Str., Yerevan 0063, Armenia"},{"name":"Acopian Center for the Environment, American University of Armenia (AUA), 40 Baghramyan Str., Yerevan 0019, Armenia"},{"name":"Zaven P. and Sonia Akian College of Science and Engineering, American University of Armenia (AUA), 40 Baghramyan Str., Yerevan 0019, Armenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Strzygowski, G. (1918). Die Baukunst des Armenier und Europa, Kunstverlag Schroll."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Abrahamian, L., and Sweezy, N. (2001). The Khachkar or Cross-Stone. Armenian Folk Arts, Culture, and Identity, Indiana University Press."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Khatchadourian, H., and Basmadjian, M. (2014). L\u2019art des Khatchkars. 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