{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T16:00:45Z","timestamp":1785427245877,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]],"date-time":"2026-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785024000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["32202256"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32202256"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["32202256"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32202256"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Fungi","JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are a class of zinc-containing metalloenzymes widely present in the biological world, catalyzing the reversible hydration of CO2 to form HCO3\u2212 and H+. These enzymes play essential roles in pH homeostasis, gas exchange, metabolic regulation, and virulence expression in pathogens. In fungi, CAs mainly belong to the \u03b1- and \u03b2-classes and have undergone extensive diversification during evolution. In plant pathogenic fungi, the functions of CAs have extended beyond traditional metabolic roles, evolving into key \u201cenvironmental adaptation and virulence regulatory factors.\u201d This review takes Magnaporthe oryzae as a model organism and integrates recent advances in CA research across various microorganisms. It systematically summarizes the classification diversity, structural features, subcellular localization, and biological functions of fungal CAs. Particular emphasis is placed on the molecular profile, mitochondrial localization, physical interaction network, and multiple functional roles of the MoCA family members in conidial development, appressorium formation, oxidative stress response, HCO3\u2212 homeostasis, nitrogen metabolism, and mitochondrial energy metabolism. Based on these findings, this study proposes a multi-layered analytical framework integrating CA molecular characteristics, mitochondrial functional regulation, and fungal pathogenicity. It explores the potential of targeting fungal CAs for the development of novel selective fungicides and highlights key research directions, aiming to provide theoretical insights into plant-fungal interactions and innovative strategies for disease control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof12080555","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T08:15:56Z","timestamp":1785140156000},"page":"555","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Fungal Carbonic Anhydrases: A Systematic Review from Molecular Profiling to Pathogenic Regulation in Magnaporthe oryzae"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yujia","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life and Health, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanxia","family":"She","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life and Health, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China"},{"name":"Institute of Modern Agriculture Research, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tingzhen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life and Health, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China"},{"name":"Institute of Modern Agriculture Research, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yutong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life and Health, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China"},{"name":"Institute of Modern Agriculture Research, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuyuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life and Health, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China"},{"name":"Institute of Modern Agriculture Research, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Songhang","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life and Health, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China"},{"name":"Institute of Modern Agriculture Research, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life and Health, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China"},{"name":"Institute of Modern Agriculture Research, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6398-8381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuejia","family":"Dang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life and Health, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China"},{"name":"Institute of Modern Agriculture Research, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Supuran, C.T. (2023). Carbonic anhydrase versatility: From pH regulation to CO2 sensing and metabolism. Front. Mol. Biosci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2023.1326633"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1113\/JP283579","article-title":"Mitochondrial carbonic anhydrase VA and VB: Properties and roles in health and disease","volume":"601","author":"Aspatwar","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2199-11-25","article-title":"Phylogeny and expression of carbonic anhydrase-related proteins","volume":"11","author":"Aspatwar","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1517\/14728222.2015.1067685","article-title":"Bacterial, fungal and protozoan carbonic anhydrases as drug targets","volume":"19","author":"Capasso","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Ther. Targets"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cowen, L.E., Cottier, F., Raymond, M., Kurzai, O., Bolstad, M., Leewattanapasuk, W., Jim\u00e9nez-L\u00f3pez, C., Lorenz, M.C., Sanglard, D., and V\u00e1chov\u00e1, L. (2012). The bZIP Transcription Factor Rca1p Is a Central Regulator of a Novel CO2 Sensing Pathway in Yeast. PLoS Pathog., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002485"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.032581-0","article-title":"Carbonic anhydrases in fungi","volume":"156","author":"Elleuche","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2012.05.053","article-title":"Carbonic anhydrase regulation and CO2 sensing in the fungal pathogen Candida glabrata involves a novel Rca1p ortholog","volume":"21","author":"Cottier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s00294-009-0238-x","article-title":"Evolution of carbonic anhydrases in fungi","volume":"55","author":"Elleuche","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Genet."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dost\u00e1l, J., Blaha, J., Hadravov\u00e1, R., Hub\u00e1lek, M., Heidingsfeld, O., and Pichov\u00e1, I. (2020). Cellular Localization of Carbonic Anhydrase Nce103p in Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21030850"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bahn, Y.-S., Ren, P., Chaturvedi, V., and Chaturvedi, S. (2014). Carbon Dioxide is a Powerful Inducer of Monokaryotic Hyphae and Spore Development in Cryptococcus gattii and Carbonic Anhydrase Activity is Dispensable in This Dimorphic Transition. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0113147"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3513","DOI":"10.1021\/jm300203r","article-title":"Molecular Cloning, Characterization, and Inhibition Studies of a \u03b2-Carbonic Anhydrase from Malassezia globosa, a Potential Antidandruff Target","volume":"55","author":"Hewitson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prete, S.D., Angeli, A., Ghobril, C., Hitce, J., Clavaud, C., Marat, X., Supuran, C.T., and Capasso, C. (2019). Anion Inhibition Profile of the \u03b2-Carbonic Anhydrase from the Opportunist Pathogenic Fungus Malassezia restricta Involved in Dandruff and Seborrheic Dermatitis. Metabolites, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo9070147"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molp.2016.09.001","article-title":"Plant Carbonic Anhydrases: Structures, Locations, Evolution, and Physiological Roles","volume":"10","author":"DiMario","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Plant"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.2174\/092986712799034851","article-title":"Carbonic anhydrase IX as a target for designing novel anticancer drugs","volume":"19","author":"Monti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2006.03.007","article-title":"The structure and function of carbonic anhydrase isozymes in the respiratory system of vertebrates","volume":"154","author":"Esbaugh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Langella, E., Di Fiore, A., Alterio, V., Monti, S.M., De Simone, G., and D\u2019Ambrosio, K. (2022). \u03b1-CAs from Photosynthetic Organisms. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231912045"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dreyer, A., Schackmann, A., Kriznik, A., Chibani, K., Wesemann, C., Vogelsang, L., Beyer, A., and Dietz, K.-J. (2020). Thiol Redox Regulation of Plant \u03b2-Carbonic Anhydrase. Biomolecules, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10081125"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2011.03.001","article-title":"Structure of a dimeric fungal \u03b1-type carbonic anhydrase","volume":"585","author":"Borchert","year":"2011","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1080\/13543776.2018.1523897","article-title":"Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors and their potential in a range of therapeutic areas","volume":"28","author":"Supuran","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Ther. Pat."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Supuran, C.T., and Capasso, C. (2021). A Highlight on the Inhibition of Fungal Carbonic Anhydrases as Drug Targets for the Antifungal Armamentarium. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094324"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2009.01.105","article-title":"Carbonic anhydrase activators: Activation of the \u03b2-carbonic anhydrase Nce103 from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae with amines and amino acids","volume":"19","author":"Isik","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2005.10.040","article-title":"Fungal Adenylyl Cyclase Integrates CO2 Sensing with cAMP Signaling and Virulence","volume":"15","author":"Klengel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.enz.2025.07.001","article-title":"Saccharomyces cerevesiae, Candida spp. and Cryptococcus neoformans \u03b2-CAs","volume":"57","author":"Buonanno","year":"2025","journal-title":"Enzymes"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dang, Y., Wei, Y., Batool, W., Sun, X., Li, X., and Zhang, S.-H. (2022). Contribution of the Mitochondrial Carbonic Anhydrase (MoCA1) to Conidiogenesis and Pathogenesis in Magnaporthe oryzae. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.845570"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02488\u201302425","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.02488-25","article-title":"Carbonic anhydrases contribute to mitochondrial function, conidial development, and pathogenicity of Magnaporthe oryzae","volume":"92","author":"Cui","year":"2026","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2654300","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2026.2654300","article-title":"Cordycepin suppresses growth and virulence of Magnaporthe oryzae via mitochondrial function and carbonic anhydrase-associated nitrogen metabolism","volume":"17","author":"Dang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/19.7.1407","article-title":"The active site architecture of Pisum sativum beta-carbonic anhydrase is a mirror image of that of alpha-carbonic anhydrases","volume":"19","author":"Kimber","year":"2000","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7546","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M510464200","article-title":"The Structure of \u03b2-Carbonic Anhydrase from the Carboxysomal Shell Reveals a Distinct Subclass with One Active Site for the Price of Two","volume":"281","author":"Sawaya","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2010.07058.x","article-title":"The conserved and divergent roles of carbonic anhydrases in the filamentous fungi Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus nidulans","volume":"75","author":"Han","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1007\/s000180050448","article-title":"Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase: An amazing biochemical odyssey from substrate to product","volume":"56","author":"Holden","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dost\u00e1l, J., Brynda, J., Blaha, J., Mach\u00e1\u010dek, S., Heidingsfeld, O., and Pichov\u00e1, I. (2018). Crystal structure of carbonic anhydrase CaNce103p from the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans. BMC Struct. Biol., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12900-018-0093-4"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"831","article-title":"Crystal Structure of \u03b2-Carbonic Anhydrase CafA from the Fungal Pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus","volume":"43","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Cells"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.enz.2024.07.001","article-title":"Chapter Two\u2014Bacterial \u03b1-CAs: A biochemical and structural overview","volume":"55","author":"Vivenzio","year":"2024","journal-title":"Enzymes"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.14348\/molcells.2019.0029","article-title":"Crystal Structure of a Highly Thermostable \u03b1-Carbonic Anhydrase from Persephonella marina EX-H1","volume":"42","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Cells"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2012.02.038","article-title":"Crystal structure of the secretory isozyme of mammalian carbonic anhydrases CA VI: Implications for biological assembly and inhibitor development","volume":"419","author":"Pilka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.enz.2025.07.003","article-title":"Fungal \u03b1-carbonic anhydrases","volume":"57","author":"Alterio","year":"2025","journal-title":"Enzymes"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.12607","article-title":"The filamentous ascomycete Sordaria macrospora can survive in ambient air without carbonic anhydrases","volume":"92","author":"Lehneck","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-4685-GMB-2015-0213","article-title":"Molecular and biochemical characterization of carbonic anhydrases of Paracoccidioides","volume":"39","author":"Tomazett","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genet Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2009.12.058","article-title":"Carbonic anhydrase activators: Activation of the \u03b2-carbonic anhydrases from the pathogenic fungi Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans with amines and amino acids","volume":"18","author":"Innocenti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teng, Y.-B., Jiang, Y.-L., He, Y.-X., He, W.-W., Lian, F.-M., Chen, Y., and Zhou, C.-Z. (2009). Structural insights into the substrate tunnel of Saccharomyces cerevisiae carbonic anhydrase Nce103. BMC Struct. Biol., 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6807-9-67"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsb.2019.07.011","article-title":"The structural basis of the low catalytic activities of the two minor \u03b2-carbonic anhydrases of the filamentous fungus Aspergillus fumigatus","volume":"208","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Struct. Biol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herrera-Estrella, A., Elleuche, S., and P\u00f6ggeler, S. (2009). \u03b2-Carbonic Anhydrases Play a Role in Fruiting Body Development and Ascospore Germination in the Filamentous Fungus Sordaria macrospora. PLoS ONE, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0005177"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.2174\/138161208783877884","article-title":"Carbonic Anhydrases An Overview","volume":"14","author":"Supuran","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D1670","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae973","article-title":"Generic Diagramming Platform (GDP): A comprehensive database of high-quality biomedical graphics","volume":"53","author":"Jiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.5.1.103-111.2006","article-title":"Structure and inhibition of the CO2-sensing carbonic anhydrase Can2 from the pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans","volume":"5","author":"Mogensen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eukaryot. Cell"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2005.09.047","article-title":"Carbonic Anhydrase and CO2 Sensing during Cryptococcus neoformans Growth, Differentiation, and Virulence","volume":"15","author":"Bahn","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/S0958-1669(03)00035-1","article-title":"Deciphering plant\u2013pathogen communication: Fresh perspectives for molecular resistance breeding","volume":"14","author":"Parker","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11772","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0700574104","article-title":"Generation of reactive oxygen species by fungal NADPH oxidases is required for rice blast disease","volume":"104","author":"Egan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.14563","article-title":"A novel approach to investigate hypoxic microenvironment during rice colonization by Magnaporthe oryzae","volume":"21","author":"Chung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dang, Y., Wei, Y., Zhang, P., Liu, X., Li, X., Wang, S., Liang, H., and Zhang, S.-H. (2021). The Bicarbonate Transporter (MoAE4) Localized on Both Cytomembrane and Tonoplast Promotes Pathogenesis in Magnaporthe oryzae. J. Fungi, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7110955"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1042\/BST0330384","article-title":"The molecular biology of appressorium turgor generation by the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochem. Soc. Trans."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2013","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.11.10.2013","article-title":"Magnaporthe grisea Pth11p Is a Novel Plasma Membrane Protein That Mediates Appressorium Differentiation in Response to Inductive Substrate Cues","volume":"11","author":"DeZwaan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.5.3.480-487.2006","article-title":"Role of a Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Cascade in Ion Flux-Mediated Turgor Regulation in Fungi","volume":"5","author":"Lew","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eukaryot. Cell"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2023.07.007","article-title":"Promotion of oxidative phosphorylation by complex I-anchored carbonic anhydrases","volume":"29","author":"Braun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"1623","article-title":"A nitrogen response pathway regulates virulence in plant pathogenic fungi","volume":"5","author":"Rispail","year":"2014","journal-title":"Plant Signal. Behav."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s12953-017-0128-y","article-title":"Comparative proteomic analysis between nitrogen supplemented and starved conditions in Magnaporthe oryzae","volume":"15","author":"Oh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proteome Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2315275","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202315275","article-title":"Neutrophil Hitchhiking Biomimetic Nanozymes Prime Neuroprotective Effects of Ischemic Stroke in a Tailored \u201cBurning the Bridges\u201d Manner","volume":"34","author":"Song","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3079","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erw165","article-title":"Life without complex I: Proteome analyses of an Arabidopsis mutant lacking the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase complex","volume":"67","author":"Fromm","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20080709","article-title":"Structure, mechanism and regulation of pyruvate carboxylase","volume":"413","author":"Jitrapakdee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1111\/mpp.12554","article-title":"Disruption of actin motor function due to MoMyo5 mutation impairs host penetration and pathogenicity in Magnaporthe oryzae","volume":"19","author":"Tang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Plant Pathol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, C., Shen, N., Zhang, Q., Qin, M., Cao, T., Zhu, S., Tang, D., and Han, L. (2022). Magnaporthe oryzae Transcription Factor MoBZIP3 Regulates Appressorium Turgor Pressure Formation during Pathogenesis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23020881"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.17851","article-title":"MoErv29 promotes apoplastic effector secretion contributing to virulence of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae","volume":"233","author":"Qian","year":"2022","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1007\/s12088-024-01285-8","article-title":"Antibiotics: From Mechanism of Action to Resistance and Beyond","volume":"64","author":"Saikia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Indian J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1080\/13543776.2020.1811853","article-title":"Antibacterial carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: An update on the recent literature","volume":"30","author":"Supuran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Ther. Pat."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2008.07.122","article-title":"Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: Inhibition of the \u03b2-class enzymes from the fungal pathogens Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans with simple anions","volume":"18","author":"Innocenti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2008.10.100","article-title":"Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Inhibition of the \u03b2-class enzyme from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae with anions","volume":"18","author":"Isik","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1080\/14756366.2019.1571273","article-title":"Inhibition of \u03b1-, \u03b2-, \u03b3-, \u03b4-, \u03b6- and \u03b7-class carbonic anhydrases from bacteria, fungi, algae, diatoms and protozoans with famotidine","volume":"34","author":"Angeli","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Enzym. Inhib. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijggc.2016.03.016","article-title":"Enzymatic properties of immobilized carbonic anhydrase and the biocatalyst for promoting CO 2 capture in vertical reactor","volume":"49","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Greenh. Gas Control."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2011.12.017","article-title":"Immobilization of carbonic anhydrase in alginate and its influence on transformation of CO2 to calcite","volume":"47","author":"Yadav","year":"2012","journal-title":"Process. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enzmictec.2011.02.001","article-title":"Biomimetic CO2 sequestration using purified carbonic anhydrase from indigenous bacterial strains immobilized on biopolymeric materials","volume":"48","author":"Sharma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Enzym. Microb. Technol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2021.111779","article-title":"Enzymatic characteristics of immobilized carbonic anhydrase and its applications in CO2 conversion","volume":"204","author":"Ren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1007\/s00294-017-0700-0","article-title":"CO2 sensing in fungi: At the heart of metabolic signaling","volume":"63","author":"Martin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Genet."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-024-02499-7","article-title":"Fungal carbonatogenesis process mediates zinc and chromium removal via statistically optimized carbonic anhydrase enzyme","volume":"23","author":"Awadeen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microb. Cell Fact."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7127","DOI":"10.1007\/s11696-025-04252-9","article-title":"The exploitation of a pH-sensitive fluorescent probe for monitoring of carbonic anhydrase activity in vitro under weakly acidic conditions","volume":"79","author":"Eibner","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Pap."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bernhard, K., Stahl, C., Martens, R., and Frey, M. (2020). A Novel Genetically Encoded Single Use Sensory Cellular Test System Measures Bicarbonate Concentration Changes in Living Cells. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20061570"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsb.2021.107700","article-title":"Structural insights into novel mechanisms of inhibition of the major \u03b2-carbonic anhydrase CafB from the pathogenic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus","volume":"213","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Struct. Biol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1089\/omi.2021.0059","article-title":"Discovery of Natural Compounds as Potential Inhibitors of Human Carbonic Anhydrase II: An Integrated Virtual Screening, Docking, and Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study","volume":"25","author":"Anjum","year":"2021","journal-title":"OMICS"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19385","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.3c05216","article-title":"Discovery of Novel Rhizoctonia solani DHFR Inhibitors as Fungicides Using Virtual Screening","volume":"71","author":"Feng","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2024.117933","article-title":"Carbonic anhydrases: Moiety appended derivatives, medicinal and pharmacological implications","volume":"114","author":"Jaitak","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35769","DOI":"10.1039\/D4RA06290F","article-title":"Exploring heterocyclic scaffolds in carbonic anhydrase inhibition: A decade of structural and therapeutic insights","volume":"14","author":"Naeem","year":"2024","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Angeli, A., Paoletti, N., and Supuran, C.T. (2023). Five-Membered Heterocyclic Sulfonamides as Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28073220"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbi.2022.102526","article-title":"AlphaFold2 protein structure prediction: Implications for drug discovery","volume":"78","author":"Borkakoti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1038\/s44386-025-00031-4","article-title":"Navigating structure-based drug discovery with emerging innovations in physics- and knowledge-based approaches","volume":"2","author":"Lam","year":"2025","journal-title":"npj Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1107\/S2059798324000482","article-title":"XFEL structure of carbonic anhydrase II: A comparative study of XFEL, NMR, X-ray and neutron structures","volume":"D80","author":"Hull","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Crystallogr. Sect. D"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piazza, L., Di Stefano, M., Poles, C., Bononi, G., Poli, G., Renzi, G., Galati, S., Giordano, A., Macchia, M., and Carta, F. (2025). A Machine Learning Platform for Isoform-Specific Identification and Profiling of Human Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors. Pharmaceuticals, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18071007"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1038\/s44320-024-00016-x","article-title":"Deep learning for protein structure prediction and design-progress and applications","volume":"20","author":"Beltrao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Syst. Biol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Fungi"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2309-608X\/12\/8\/555\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T04:13:35Z","timestamp":1785212015000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2309-608X\/12\/8\/555"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["jof12080555"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jof12080555","relation":{},"ISSN":["2309-608X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2309-608X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]]}}}