{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T07:35:46Z","timestamp":1789544146234,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":136,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009526","name":"Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ASG2022110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ASG2022110"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009526","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["ASG2022110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ASG2022110"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03am10p12","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Fungi","JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Invasive fungal diseases (IFDs) are a global health threat, especially among immunocompromised populations, due to their high mortality rates and the increasing prevalence of antifungal resistance. In recognition of this threat, the World Health Organization (WHO) has designated Cryptococcus neoformans, Candida auris, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Candida albicans as critical-priority fungal pathogens. During host infection, host-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) function as potent antimicrobial molecules, whereas fungal-derived ROS act as intracellular signaling mediators regulating oxidative stress adaptation, metabolism, virulence, and antifungal tolerance. Although oxidative stress responses have been extensively investigated in individual fungal pathogens, a comprehensive comparative analysis of oxidative stress signaling across these critical fungal pathogens remains limited. This review systematically compares oxidative stress sensing and signaling networks in the four WHO critical-priority fungal pathogens and classifies oxidative stress-associated pathways into conserved, and species-specific regulatory mechanisms. Conserved pathways, including HOG-MAPK, calcineurin, cAMP-PKA, cell wall integrity, and thioredoxin-dependent signaling, are discussed alongside pathogen-specific adaptations that promote biofilm formation, capsule and melanin production, polarized growth, morphogenesis, immune evasion, and antifungal resistance. By integrating conserved and divergent oxidative stress signaling mechanisms, this review provides a comparative framework that advances our understanding of fungal pathogenesis and highlights potential targets for the development of broad-spectrum and species-specific antifungal therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof12080620","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T07:58:23Z","timestamp":1787126303000},"page":"620","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Reactive Oxygen Species-Responsive Signaling Networks and Oxidative Stress Adaptation in Critical Priority Fungal Pathogens"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-9772-5350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raichal B.","family":"George","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidhyapeetham, Clappana P.O., Kollam 690525, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hari Govind","family":"Pradeep","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidhyapeetham, Clappana P.O., Kollam 690525, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1688-2476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nandaja","family":"Adikaledath Mana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidhyapeetham, Clappana P.O., Kollam 690525, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5984-4966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nandana","family":"Raj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidhyapeetham, Clappana P.O., Kollam 690525, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4642-3867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pavithra","family":"Praveen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidhyapeetham, Clappana P.O., Kollam 690525, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rithik P.","family":"Harish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidhyapeetham, Clappana P.O., Kollam 690525, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nimisha","family":"Mahesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidhyapeetham, Clappana P.O., Kollam 690525, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dhannya","family":"Renuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidhyapeetham, Clappana P.O., Kollam 690525, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bipin G.","family":"Nair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidhyapeetham, Clappana P.O., Kollam 690525, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4584-6929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geetha B.","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidhyapeetham, Clappana P.O., Kollam 690525, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jayalekshmi","family":"Haripriyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidhyapeetham, Clappana P.O., Kollam 690525, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2015.09.007","article-title":"Impact of climate change on human infectious diseases: Empirical evidence and human adaptation","volume":"86","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e428","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00692-8","article-title":"Global incidence and mortality of severe fungal disease","volume":"24","author":"Denning","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bongomin, F., Gago, S., Oladele, R.O., and Denning, D.W. (2017). Global and Multi-National Prevalence of Fungal Diseases-Estimate Precision. J. Fungi, 3.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof3040057"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.102947","article-title":"Forty years of global research on WHO\u2019s four critical priority fungal pathogens: Advances and prospects","volume":"18","author":"Tan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Infect. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2022). WHO Fungal Priority Pathogens List to Guide Research, Development and Public Health Action, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Day, A.M., and Quinn, J. (2019). Stress-activated protein kinases in human fungal pathogens. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00261"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1086\/341564","article-title":"Pathogenesis of cerebral Cryptococcus neoformans infection after fungemia","volume":"186","author":"Lortholary","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36886","DOI":"10.1039\/D4RA06392A","article-title":"Regulation of oxidative stress enzymes in Candida auris by Dermaseptin: Potential implications for antifungal drug discovery","volume":"14","author":"Wani","year":"2024","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00140-18","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00140-18","article-title":"Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillosis in 2019","volume":"33","author":"Chamilos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2021.2019950","article-title":"Pathogenesis and virulence of Candida albicans","volume":"13","author":"Lopes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbr.2025.100427","article-title":"Deciphering the oxidative stress response in Candida albicans","volume":"52","author":"Arribas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Fungal Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Jenks, J.D., Tobin, E.H., and Zahra, F. (2025). Candida\u00a0auris. StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbr.2011.07.002","article-title":"Airborne Aspergillus fumigatus conidia: A risk factor for aspergillosis","volume":"25","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fungal Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-022-04353-8","article-title":"Oxidative stress response pathways in fungi","volume":"79","author":"Yaakoub","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"11","article-title":"Candida auris Induces Phagocytosis, Reactive Oxygen Species Production, and Inflammation Through TLR2, TLR4, and Dectin-1-Dependent Signaling in Macrophages","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0260522","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.02605-22","article-title":"Nature of \u03b2-1,3-Glucan-Exposing Features on Candida albicans Cell Wall and Their Modulation","volume":"13","year":"2022","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2084","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-024-01721-x","article-title":"Glutathione-mediated redox regulation in Cryptococcus neoformans impacts virulence","volume":"9","author":"Black","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hong, Y., Boiti, A., Vallone, D., and Foulkes, N.S. (2024). Reactive Oxygen Species Signaling and Oxidative Stress: Transcriptional Regulation and Evolution. Antioxidants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13030312"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10421","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-09636-w","article-title":"ROS-induced Oxidative Injury involved in Pathogenesis of Fungal Keratitis via p38 MAPK Activation","volume":"7","author":"Hua","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mattila, H. (2022). Basidiomycota Fungi and ROS: Genomic Perspective on Key Enzymes Involved in Generation and Mitigation of Reactive Oxygen Species. Front. Fungal Biol., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/ffunb.2022.837605"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2008.01273.x","article-title":"Signalling pathways in the pathogenesis of Cryptococcus","volume":"11","author":"Kozubowski","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2025.128353","article-title":"The oxidative stress-related peroxiredoxin Tsa1b of Candidozyma (Candida) auris contributes to virulence and infection","volume":"302","author":"Areitio","year":"2026","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J.S., Lee, K.T., and Bahn, Y.S. (2023). Secreted aspartyl protease 3 regulated by the Ras\/cAMP\/PKA pathway promotes the virulence of Candida auris. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1257897"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e03-03-0179","article-title":"Superoxide Dismutases in Candida albicans: Transcriptional Regulation and Functional Characterization of the Hyphal-induced SOD5 Gene","volume":"15","author":"Martchenko","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2024.102521","article-title":"New developments in Aspergillus fumigatus and host reactive oxygen species responses","volume":"80","author":"James","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-012-9600-5","article-title":"Current understanding of HOG-MAPK pathway in Aspergillus fumigatus","volume":"175","author":"Ma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2009.06.007","article-title":"Nitrosative and oxidative stress responses in fungal pathogenicity","volume":"12","author":"Brown","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-051024-033116","article-title":"Pathogenic Fungal Sensing and Responses to Stressful Host Environments","volume":"79","author":"Rapala","year":"2025","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cha, H., Won, D., Kang, S., Kim, E.S., Lee, K.A., Lee, W.J., Lee, K.T., and Bahn, Y.S. (2025). The calcineurin pathway regulates extreme thermotolerance, cell membrane and wall integrity, antifungal resistance, and virulence in Candida auris. PLoS Pathog., 21.","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.01.02.631159"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Komalapriya, C., Kaloriti, D., Tillmann, A.T., Yin, Z., Herrero-De-Dios, C., Jacobsen, M.D., Belmonte, R.C., Cameron, G., Haynes, K., and Grebogi, C. (2015). Integrative Model of Oxidative Stress Adaptation in the Fungal Pathogen Candida albicans. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0137750"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Emri, T., Antal, K., Varga, K., Gila, B.C., and P\u00f3csi, I. (2024). The Oxidative Stress Response Highly Depends on Glucose and Iron Availability in Aspergillus fumigatus. J. Fungi, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof10030221"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00218-13","article-title":"Stress Signaling Pathways for the Pathogenicity of Cryptococcus","volume":"12","author":"Bahn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eukaryot. Cell"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jang, Y.-B., and Bahn, Y.-S. (2025). Deciphering subcellular localization-dependent functions of Hog1 MAPK in Cryptococcus neoformans. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.64898\/2025.12.17.694976"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2249948","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.202249948","article-title":"The thioredoxin system: Balancing redox responses in immune cells and tumors","volume":"53","author":"Muri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00245-10","article-title":"Fungal Skn7 Stress Responses and Their Relationship to Virulence","volume":"10","author":"Fassler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eukaryot. Cell"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2244","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2013.5199","article-title":"Ybp1 and Gpx3 signaling in Candida albicans govern hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidation of the cap1 transcription factor and macrophage escape","volume":"19","author":"Patterson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00288-10","article-title":"The Small GTPase RacA mediates intracellular reactive oxygen species production, polarized growth, and virulence in the human fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eukaryot. Cell"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbr.2020.07.002","article-title":"Fungi took a unique evolutionary route to multicellularity: Seven key challenges for fungal multicellular life","volume":"34","author":"Nagy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fungal Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14458","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.REV120.013731","article-title":"Structure-guided approaches to targeting stress responses in human fungal pathogens","volume":"295","author":"LeBlanc","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2019.103302","article-title":"The MAPK Hog1 mediates the response to amphotericin B in Candida albicans","volume":"136","author":"Pla","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fungal Genet. Biol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00506-18","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00506-18","article-title":"Hog1 Regulates Stress Tolerance and Virulence in the Emerging Fungal Pathogen Candida auris","volume":"3","author":"Day","year":"2018","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2021.1909954","article-title":"Calcineurin-mediated intracellular organelle calcium homeostasis is required for the survival of fungal pathogens upon extracellular calcium stimuli","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, H.S., Chow, E.W.L., Fu, C., Soderblom, E.J., Moseley, M.A., Heitman, J., and Cardenas, M.E. (2016). Calcineurin Targets Involved in Stress Survival and Fungal Virulence. PLoS Pathog., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005873"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2005.05037.x","article-title":"CRZ1, a target of the calcineurin pathway in Candida albicans","volume":"59","author":"Karababa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0085122","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00851-22","article-title":"Candida albicans Filamentation Does Not Require the cAMP-PKA Pathway in Vivo","volume":"13","author":"Wakade","year":"2022","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0215223","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02152-23","article-title":"Deciphering the regulatory mechanisms of the cAMP\/protein kinase A pathway and their roles in the pathogenicity of Candida auris","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.5941\/MYCO.2011.39.3.143","article-title":"The cAMP\/protein kinase A pathway and virulence in Cryptococcus neoformans","volume":"39","author":"Kronstad","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mycobiology"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5157","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/19.19.5157","article-title":"H2O2 sensing through oxidation of the Yap1 transcription factor","volume":"19","author":"Delaunay","year":"2000","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8259","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-022-07542-7","article-title":"OXR1 signaling pathway as a possible mechanism of elastase-induced oxidative damage in pulmonary cells: The protective role of ellagic acid","volume":"49","author":"Bayati","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0112021","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01120-21","article-title":"The OxrA Protein of Aspergillus fumigatus Is Required for the Oxidative Stress Response and Fungal Pathogenesis","volume":"87","author":"Zhai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2014.09.003","article-title":"Human OXR1 maintains mitochondrial DNA integrity and counteracts hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress by regulating antioxidant pathways involving p21","volume":"77","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3180","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.24.8.3180-3187.2004","article-title":"Stress Induction and Mitochondrial Localization of Oxr1 Proteins in Yeast and Humans","volume":"24","author":"Elliott","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chi, M.H., and Craven, K.D. (2016). RacA-mediated ROS signaling is required for polarized cell differentiation in conidiogenesis of Aspergillus fumigatus. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0149548"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahmood, F., Chen, J.M., Al-Huthaifi, A.M., Al-Alawi, A.A., and Liu, T.B. (2024). Roles of Different Signaling Pathways in Cryptococcus neoformans Virulence. J. Fungi, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof10110786"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6587","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-42318-y","article-title":"Cryptococcus neoformans adapts to the host environment through TOR-mediated remodeling of phospholipid asymmetry","volume":"14","author":"Ristow","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2285","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e04-11-0987","article-title":"Specialization of the HOG pathway and its impact on differentiation and virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans","volume":"16","author":"Bahn","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00120-09","article-title":"Remodeling of global transcription patterns of Cryptococcus neoformans genes mediated by the stress-activated HOG signaling pathways","volume":"8","author":"Ko","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eukaryot. Cell"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3122","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e06-02-0113","article-title":"A Unique Fungal Two-Component System Regulates Stress Responses, Drug Sensitivity, Sexual Development, and Virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans","volume":"17","author":"Bahn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.12388","article-title":"Sulphiredoxin plays peroxiredoxin-dependent and -independent roles via the HOG signalling pathway in Cryptococcus neoformans and contributes to fungal virulence","volume":"90","author":"Upadhya","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3776","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00507-12","article-title":"Titan Cell Production Enhances the Virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans","volume":"80","author":"Crabtree","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0254923","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.02549-23","article-title":"Accumulation of endogenous free radicals is required to induce titan-like cell formation in Cryptococcus neoformans","volume":"15","author":"Sachse","year":"2024","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Barbaz\u00e1n, I., Garc\u00eda-Rodas, R., Sachse, M., Luque, D., Meg\u00edas, D., and Zaragoza, O. (2022). Pharmacological inhibition of titan-like cells formation suggests that accumulation of endogenous free radicals that correlate with mitochondrial changes are required to induce this transition in Cryptococcus neoformans. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.04.06.487428"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-024-02278-8","article-title":"Free radicals and their impact on health and antioxidant defenses: A review","volume":"11","author":"Chandimali","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fux051","article-title":"Protein kinase C in fungi-more than just cell wall integrity","volume":"42","author":"Heinisch","year":"2018","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00193-09","article-title":"Our Paths Might Cross: The Role of the Fungal Cell Wall Integrity Pathway in Stress Response and Cross Talk with Other Stress Response Pathways","volume":"8","author":"Fuchs","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eukaryot. Cell"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.4489\/MYCO.2009.37.3.161","article-title":"The Stress-Activated Signaling (SAS) Pathways of a Human Fungal Pathogen, Cryptococcus neoformans","volume":"37","author":"Jung","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mycobiology"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.05305-11","article-title":"Role of Cryptococcus neoformans Rho1 GTPases in the PKC1 Signaling Pathway in Response to Thermal Stress","volume":"12","author":"Lam","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eukaryot. Cell"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gendis.2019.09.001","article-title":"Elevation of gene expression of calcineurin, calmodulin and calsyntenin in oxidative stress induced PC12 cells","volume":"8","author":"Aravind","year":"2021","journal-title":"Genes Dis."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chow, E.W.L., Clancey, S.A., Billmyre, R.B., Averette, A.F., Granek, J.A., Mieczkowski, P., Cardenas, M.E., and Heitman, J. (2017). Elucidation of the calcineurin-Crz1 stress response transcriptional network in the human fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans. PLoS Genet., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1006667"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00038-14","article-title":"Calcineurin-Crz1 signaling in lower eukaryotes","volume":"13","author":"Thewes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eukaryot. Cell"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00761-20","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00761-20","article-title":"Calcium Binding Protein Ncs1 Is Calcineurin Regulated in Cryptococcus neoformans and Essential for Cell Division and Virulence","volume":"5","author":"Squizani","year":"2020","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2569624","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2025.2569624","article-title":"Calcium transport systems as virulence determinants: Mechanistic insights into fungal pathogenicity and antifungal resistance","volume":"16","author":"Lukumay","year":"2025","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santos, R.S., Martins-Silva, G., Padilla, A.A.\u00c1., Possari, M., Degello, S.D., Bernardes Brustolini, O.J., Vasconcelos, A.T.R., Vallim, M.A., and Pascon, R.C. (2024). Transcriptional and Post-Translational Roles of Calcineurin in Cationic Stress and Glycerol Biosynthesis in Cryptococcus neoformans. J. Fungi, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof10080531"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2576","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/16.10.2576","article-title":"Calcineurin is required for virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans","volume":"16","author":"Odom","year":"1997","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0104922","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.01049-22","article-title":"Structure-Guided Synthesis of FK506 and FK520 Analogs with Increased Selectivity Exhibit In Vivo Therapeutic Efficacy against Cryptococcus","volume":"13","author":"Hoy","year":"2022","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caza, M., and Kronstad, J.W. (2019). The cAMP\/protein kinase a pathway regulates virulence and adaptation to host conditions in cryptococcus neoformans. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00212"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ram\u00edrez-Sotelo, U., G\u00f3mez-Gaviria, M., and Mora-Montes, H.M. (2025). Signaling Pathways Regulating Dimorphism in Medically Relevant Fungal Species. Pathogens, 14.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202502.1154.v1"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2009.10.069","article-title":"Control of high osmolarity signalling in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae","volume":"583","author":"Hohmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0247523","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.02475-23","article-title":"Signaling pathways governing the pathobiological features and antifungal drug resistance of Candida auris","volume":"16","author":"Cha","year":"2025","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0272921","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02729-21","article-title":"Adenylyl Cyclase and Protein Kinase A Play Redundant and Distinct Roles in Growth, Differentiation, Antifungal Drug Resistance, and Pathogenicity of Candida auris","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6295","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-61678-1","article-title":"Distinct echinocandin responses of Candida albicans and Candida auris cell walls revealed by solid-state NMR","volume":"16","author":"Singh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nikolaou, E., Agrafioti, I., Stumpf, M., Quinn, J., Stansfield, I., and Brown, A.J. (2009). Phylogenetic diversity of stress signalling pathways in fungi. BMC Evol. Biol., 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-9-44"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0274824","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.02748-24","article-title":"The Candida auris Hog1 MAP kinase is essential for the colonization of murine skin and intradermal persistence","volume":"15","author":"Shivarathri","year":"2024","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0353824","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.03538-24","article-title":"The high-osmolarity glycerol (HOG) pathway in Candida auris","volume":"16","author":"Yaakoub","year":"2025","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00973-20","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00973-20","article-title":"The Two-Component Response Regulator Ssk1 and the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Hog1 Control Antifungal Drug Resistance and Cell Wall Architecture of Candida auris","volume":"5","author":"Shivarathri","year":"2020","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.10.1.91","article-title":"The PDE1-encoded low-affinity phosphodiesterase in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has a specific function in controlling agonist-induced cAMP signaling","volume":"10","author":"Ma","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.19396","article-title":"Protein kinase A and fungal virulence","volume":"3","author":"Fuller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bing, J., Guan, Z., Zheng, T., Zhang, Z., Fan, S., Ennis, C.L., Nobile, C.J., and Huang, G. (2023). Clinical isolates of Candida auris with enhanced adherence and biofilm formation due to genomic amplification of ALS4. PLoS Pathog., 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011239"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rom\u00e1n, E., Alonso-Monge, R., Miranda, A., and Pla, J. (2015). The Mkk2 MAPKK Regulates Cell Wall Biogenesis in Cooperation with the Cek1-Pathway in Candida albicans. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0133476"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walker, L.A., Munro, C.A., De Bruijn, I., Lenardon, M.D., McKinnon, A., and Gow, N.A.R. (2008). Stimulation of Chitin Synthesis Rescues Candida albicans from Echinocandins. PLoS Pathog., 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000040"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2024.127797","article-title":"Uniqueness of Candida auris cell wall in morphogenesis, virulence, resistance, and immune evasion","volume":"286","author":"Dakalbab","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2019.08.004","article-title":"Calcium-calmodulin-calcineurin signaling: A globally conserved virulence cascade in eukaryotic microbial pathogens","volume":"26","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.15698\/mic2024.03.818","article-title":"The cAMP-PKA signalling crosstalks with CWI and HOG-MAPK pathways in yeast cell response to osmotic and thermal stress","volume":"11","author":"Galello","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microb. Cell"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-026-01234-1","article-title":"Correction: The emerging pathogen Candida auris: Host interactions and disease drivers","volume":"33","author":"Arevalo","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. BioMed. Sci."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s40588-020-00143-7","article-title":"Candida auris Infection and Biofilm Formation: Going Beyond the Surface","volume":"7","author":"Horton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Clin. Microbiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.088930","article-title":"Stress adaptation in a pathogenic fungus","volume":"217","author":"Brown","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qin, L., Yang, L., Zhao, J., Zeng, W., Su, M., Wang, S., and Yuan, J. (2022). GTPase Rac Regulates Conidiation, AFB1 Production and Stress Response in Pathogenic Fungus Aspergillus flavus. Toxins, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14090581"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2014.03.003","article-title":"RacA and Cdc42 regulate polarized growth and microsclerotium formation in the dimorphic fungus Nomuraea rileyi","volume":"165","author":"Sha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Res. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.044271-0","article-title":"AbaA and WetA govern distinct stages of Aspergillus fumigatus development","volume":"157","author":"Tao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.18240\/ijo.2022.07.02","article-title":"NADPH oxidase 2 plays a protective role in experimental Aspergillus fumigatus keratitis in mice through killing fungi and limiting the degree of inflammation","volume":"15","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2290","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00267-07","article-title":"The Aspergillus fumigatus transcriptional regulator AfYap1 represents the major regulator for defense against reactive oxygen intermediates but is dispensable for pathogenicity in an intranasal mouse infection model","volume":"6","author":"Lessing","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eukaryot. Cell"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00328-10","article-title":"Association of the Skn7 and Yap1 transcription factors in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae oxidative stress response","volume":"10","author":"Mulford","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eukaryot. Cell"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780802054215","article-title":"Afyap1, encoding a bZip transcriptional factor of Aspergillus fumigatus, contributes to oxidative stress response but is not essential to the virulence of this pathogen in mice immunosuppressed by cyclophosphamide and triamcinolone","volume":"46","author":"Qiao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2009.07024.x","article-title":"Functional analysis of the superoxide dismutase family in Aspergillus fumigatus","volume":"75","author":"Lambou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5317","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-84740-6","article-title":"The response regulator Skn7 of Aspergillus fumigatus is essential for the antifungal effect of fludioxonil","volume":"11","author":"Schruefer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2007.01.009","article-title":"Characterization of the SKN7 ortholog of Aspergillus fumigatus","volume":"44","author":"Lamarre","year":"2007","journal-title":"Fungal Genet. Biol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12681","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12681","article-title":"Genome-wide transcriptome analysis of Aspergillus fumigatus exposed to osmotic stress reveals regulators of osmotic and cell wall stresses that are SakAHOG1 and MpkC dependent","volume":"19","author":"Paziani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780500338886","article-title":"The role of the sakA (Hog1) and tcsB (sln1) genes in the oxidant adaptation of Aspergillus fumigatus","volume":"44","author":"Du","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2011.07778.x","article-title":"The MAP kinase MpkA controls cell wall integrity, oxidative stress response, gliotoxin production and iron adaptation in Aspergillus fumigatus","volume":"82","author":"Jain","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Castro, P.A., Chiaratto, J., Winkelstr\u00f6ter, L.K., Bom, V.L.P., Ramalho, L.N.Z., Goldman, M.H.S., Brown, N.A., and Goldman, G.H. (2014). The Involvement of the Mid1\/Cch1\/Yvc1 Calcium Channels in Aspergillus fumigatus Virulence. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0103957"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02401-25","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.02401-25","article-title":"Fungal mitochondria govern both gliotoxin biosynthesis and self-protection","volume":"16","author":"Pupo","year":"2025","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Talapko, J., Juzba\u0161i\u0107, M., Matijevi\u0107, T., Pustijanac, E., Beki\u0107, S., Kotris, I., and \u0160krlec, I. (2021). Candida albicans-the virulence factors and clinical manifestations of infection. J. Fungi, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7020079"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2020.1030-1036","article-title":"Effects of farnesol and lyticase on the formation of Candida albicans biofilm","volume":"13","author":"Sachivkina","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dantas, A.D.S., Day, A., Ikeh, M., Kos, I., Achan, B., and Quinn, J. (2015). Oxidative Stress Responses in the Human Fungal Pathogen, Candida albicans. Biomolecules, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom5010142"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1884","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2021.1949883","article-title":"The two-component signal transduction system and its regulation in Candida albicans","volume":"12","author":"Liao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4603","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e07-06-0581","article-title":"A Single MAPKKK Regulates the Hog1 MAPK Pathway in the Pathogenic Fungus Candida albicans","volume":"18","author":"Cheetham","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.3.4.1062-1065.2004","article-title":"The Two-Component Signal Transduction Protein Chk1p Regulates Quorum Sensing in Candida albicans","volume":"3","author":"Kruppa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eukaryot. Cell"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feng, Y., Zhang, Y., Li, J., Omran, R.P., Whiteway, M., and Feng, J. (2022). Transcriptional Profiling of the Candida albicans Response to the DNA Damage Agent Methyl Methanesulfonate. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23147555"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Y., Xie, P., Li, Y., Bi, Y., Ramonell, M., Yang, Y., Xie, P., Li, Y., Bi, Y., and Prusky, D.B. (2022). Updating Insights into the Regulatory Mechanisms of Calcineurin-Activated Transcription Factor Crz1 in Pathogenic Fungi. J. Fungi, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8101082"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126786","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2021.126786","article-title":"Calcium-calcineurin signaling pathway in Candida albicans: A potential drug target","volume":"249","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chow, E.W.L., Pang, L.M., and Wang, Y. (2021). From Jekyll to Hyde: The Yeast\u2013Hyphal Transition of Candida albicans. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202106.0386.v1"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Glazier, V.E. (2022). EFG1, Everyone\u2019s Favorite Gene in Candida albicans: A Comprehensive Literature Review. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.855229"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4655","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.9.4655-4660.1999","article-title":"Control of White-Opaque Phenotypic Switching in Candida albicans by the Efg1p Morphogenetic Regulator","volume":"67","author":"Sonneborn","year":"1999","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Day, A.M., Cao, M., da Silva Dantas, A., Ianieva, O., Herrerode-Dios, C., Brown, A.J.P., and Quinn, J. (2024). Stress contingent changes in Hog1 pathway architecture and regulation in Candida albicans. PLoS Pathog., 20.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.06.05.597528"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Correia, I., Wilson, D., Hube, B., and Pla, J. (2020). Characterization of a Candida albicans Mutant Defective in All MAPKs Highlights the Major Role of Hog1 in the MAPK Signaling Network. J. Fungi, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof6040230"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"jcs258889","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.258889","article-title":"Crosstalk between the calcineurin and cell wall integrity pathways prevents chitin overexpression in Candida albicans","volume":"134","author":"Nogueira","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, C. (2025). The emerging fungal pathogen Cryptococcus gattii: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, immunomodulatory attributes, and drug susceptibility. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013245"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635431","DOI":"10.6064\/2012\/635431","article-title":"Stress Response and Pathogenicity of the Necrotrophic Fungal Pathogen Alternaria alternata","volume":"2012","author":"Chung","year":"2012","journal-title":"Scientifica"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70268","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.70268","article-title":"Oxidative Stress: Signaling Pathways, Biological Functions, and Disease","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0115624","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.01156-24","article-title":"Unraveling the cryptic functions of mitogen-activated protein kinases Cpk2 and Mpk2 in Cryptococcus neoformans","volume":"15","author":"Jang","year":"2024","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Correia, I., Prieto, D., Rom\u00e1n, E., Wilson, D., Hube, B., Alonso-Monge, R., and Pla, J. (2019). Cooperative Role of MAPK Pathways in the Interaction of Candida albicans with the Host Epithelium. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8010048"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ballou, E.R., Kozubowski, L., Nichols, C.B., and Alspaugh, J.A. (2013). Ras1 Acts through Duplicated Cdc42 and Rac Proteins to Regulate Morphogenesis and Pathogenesis in the Human Fungal Pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans. PLoS Genet., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1003687"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2006.05566.x","article-title":"A Ras1-Cdc24 signal transduction pathway mediates thermotolerance in the fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans","volume":"63","author":"Nichols","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-023-01586-z","article-title":"Total transcriptome analysis of Candida auris planktonic cells exposed to tyrosol","volume":"13","author":"Balla","year":"2023","journal-title":"AMB Express"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2300161","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2023.28.14.2300161","article-title":"Vivo Evolution to Echinocandin Resistance and Increasing Clonal Heterogeneity in Candida auris During a Difficult-to-control Hospital Outbreak, Italy, 2019 to 2022","volume":"28","author":"Codda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_136","first-page":"189","article-title":"Candida albicans the main opportunistic pathogenic fungus in humans","volume":"55","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev. Argent. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Fungi"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2309-608X\/12\/8\/620\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T08:31:53Z","timestamp":1787128313000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2309-608X\/12\/8\/620"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"references-count":136,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["jof12080620"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jof12080620","relation":{},"ISSN":["2309-608X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2309-608X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]}}}