{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T06:16:49Z","timestamp":1788243409962,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Fungi","JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Iatrogenic fungal infections associated with contaminated parenteral products are uncommon but potentially severe, particularly when the affected patients are critically ill and the microorganism is not included in routine diagnostic panels. Here, we describe C. viswanathii candidemia associated with contaminated milrinone in an extremely preterm infant and place the case within the context of the published clinical evidence. Methods: The infant\u2019s clinical course, microbiological findings, milrinone exposure and pharmaceutical-source investigation were retrospectively reconstructed. Published human C. viswanathii infections were reviewed systematically, together with Italian pharmacovigilance communications concerning milrinone. Results: A 600 g preterm infant developed candidemia on Day 7 of life. A central-venous-catheter (CVC) blood culture became positive for yeasts after 7 h, while the BIOFIRE\u00ae Blood Culture Identification 2 (BCID2) Panel remained negative. C. viswanathii was recovered from blood, urine and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL). Voriconazole was started, and anidulafungin was subsequently added. The infant died on Day 13 following accidental extubation and unsuccessful resuscitation. Exposure reconstruction identified a contaminated milrinone lot, and the source investigation linked the case to the wider Italian multicenter cluster. The literature review showed that C. viswanathii can cause bloodstream, central nervous system, deep-seated and osteoarticular infection, with variable susceptibility, particularly for azoles, but no previous iatrogenic sources were found, and its ecological niche remains undefined. Conclusion: This case provides additional evidence that the Italian C. viswanathii outbreak was an iatrogenic event associated with contaminated milrinone. Recognition depended on combining extended yeast identification with medication-lot traceability and interinstitutional pharmacovigilance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof12090646","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T05:45:13Z","timestamp":1788241513000},"page":"646","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Yeast in the Vial: Iatrogenic Candida viswanathii Infection Associated with Contaminated Milrinone"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4025-7882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Terenzio","family":"Cosio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio ed Ematologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00186 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4757-7256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"De Carolis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio ed Ematologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00186 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadia","family":"Mores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacovigilance, Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, 00186 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7927-4343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riccardo","family":"Torelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio ed Ematologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00186 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1663-7546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brunella","family":"Posteraro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio ed Ematologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00186 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Vetrugno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Surveillance and Bioethics, Section of Legal Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00186 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiziana","family":"D\u2019Inzeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio ed Ematologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00186 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Vento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatology Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario \u2018Agostino Gemelli\u2019 IRCCS, 00186 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9780-7059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maurizio","family":"Sanguinetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio ed Ematologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00186 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-158-3-201302050-00572","article-title":"Treatment of Iatrogenic Fungal Infections: A Black Mold Defines a New Gray Zone in Medicine","volume":"158","author":"Shoham","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-013-0399-3","article-title":"Iatrogenic Fungal Infections of Central Nervous System","volume":"13","author":"Lahoti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2026, July 18). 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