{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:14:17Z","timestamp":1790727257722,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":237,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,7]],"date-time":"2016-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1465257600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) is estimated to affect 3 million people worldwide making it an under recognised, but significant health problem across the globe, conferring significant morbidity and mortality. With variable disease forms, high levels of associated respiratory co-morbidity, limited therapeutic options and prolonged treatment strategies, CPA is a challenging disease for both patients and healthcare professionals. CPA can mimic smear-negative tuberculosis (TB), pulmonary histoplasmosis or coccidioidomycosis. Cultures for Aspergillus are usually negative, however, the detection of Aspergillus IgG is a simple and sensitive test widely used in diagnosis. When a fungal ball\/aspergilloma is visible radiologically, the diagnosis has been made late. Sometimes weight loss and fatigue are predominant symptoms; pyrexia is rare. Despite the efforts of the mycology community, and significant strides being taken in optimising the care of these patients, much remains to be learnt about this patient population, the disease itself and the best use of available therapies, with the development of new therapies being a key priority. Here, current knowledge and practices are reviewed, and areas of research priority highlighted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof2020018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,7]],"date-time":"2016-06-07T11:17:28Z","timestamp":1465298248000},"page":"18","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Chronic Pulmonary Aspergillosis\u2014Where Are We? and Where Are We Going?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Gemma","family":"Hayes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"},{"name":"Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, UK"},{"name":"National Aspergillosis Centre, 2nd Floor Education and Research Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester, Southmoor Road, Manchester M23 9LT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1434-3915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lilyann","family":"Novak-Frazer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"},{"name":"Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, UK"},{"name":"The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, 2nd Floor Education and Research Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester, Southmoor Road, Manchester M23 9LT, UK"},{"name":"Mycology Reference Centre, Manchester, 2nd Floor Education and Research Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester, Southmoor Road, Manchester M23 9LT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2015.09.007","article-title":"Development of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis in adult asthmatics with abpa","volume":"109","author":"Lowes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.11.089441","article-title":"Global burden of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis as a sequel to pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"89","author":"Denning","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Denning, D.W. (2015). The Ambitious \u201c95\u201395 by 2025\u201d Roadmap for The Diagnosis and Management of Fungal Diseases, Thorax.","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2015-207305"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Denning, D.W. Available online: http:\/\/www.gaff.org\/roadmap\/."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00054810","article-title":"Underlying conditions in chronic pulmonary aspergillosis including simple aspergilloma","volume":"37","author":"Smith","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"World Health Organisation (2015). Who Global Tuberculosis Report 2015, World Health Organisation."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12409","article-title":"Burden of serious fungal infections in Ukraine","volume":"58","author":"Osmanov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-015-2409-7","article-title":"Prevalence of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with tuberculosis from Iran","volume":"34","author":"Hedayati","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12382","article-title":"Estimating the burden of fungal disease in Vietnam","volume":"58","author":"Beardsley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S265","DOI":"10.1086\/376526","article-title":"Chronic cavitary and fibrosing pulmonary and pleural aspergillosis: Case series, proposed nomenclature change, and review","volume":"37","author":"Denning","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.06-2441","article-title":"Treatment of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis by voriconazole in nonimmunocompromised patients","volume":"131","author":"Camuset","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.112.2.541","article-title":"Chronic necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis: Approach to management","volume":"112","author":"Saraceno","year":"1997","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1111\/crj.12105","article-title":"Characteristics and outcomes of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis: A retrospective analysis of a tertiary hospital registry","volume":"9","author":"Camara","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"PA2683","article-title":"Non-tuberculous Mycobacterium incidence & treatment rates in university hospitals of North Midlands (UK)","volume":"46","author":"Bhat","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"1635","article-title":"Non-tuberculous mycobacterial diseases presenting as solitary pulmonary nodules","volume":"14","author":"Lim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.55.8.717","article-title":"Non-tuberculous mycobacterial lung infection complicated by chronic necrotising pulmonary aspergillosis","volume":"55","author":"Hafeez","year":"2000","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1843.2006.00952.x","article-title":"Chronic necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis as a complication of pulmonary Mycobacterium avium complex disease","volume":"11","author":"Kobashi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"837146","article-title":"Fatal hemoptysis due to chronic cavitary pulmonary aspergillosis complicated by nontuberculous mycobacterial tuberculosis","volume":"2011","author":"Kokkonouzis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Case Rep. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.06.00139005","article-title":"Nontuberculous mycobacterial disease and Aspergillus-related lung disease in bronchiectasis","volume":"28","author":"Kunst","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myv093","article-title":"The risk factors for developing of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis in nontuberculous mycobacteria patients and clinical characteristics and outcomes in chronic pulmonary aspergillosis patients coinfected with nontuberculous mycobacteria","volume":"54","author":"Takeda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00226911","article-title":"Global burden of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis complicating sarcoidosis","volume":"41","author":"Denning","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-011-9280-9","article-title":"Aspergillus lung disease in patients with sarcoidosis: A case series and review of the literature","volume":"189","author":"Pena","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lung"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2013-203988","article-title":"Cyclical caspofungin for chronic pulmonary aspergillosis in sarcoidosis","volume":"69","author":"Keir","year":"2014","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1016\/S0761-8425(07)92760-6","article-title":"Aspergillosis and sarcoidosis","volume":"24","author":"Lachkar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rev. Mal. Respir."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1093\/icvts\/ivv239","article-title":"Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis as a sequel to lobectomy for lung cancer","volume":"21","author":"Tamura","year":"2015","journal-title":"Interact. Cardiovasc. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clgc.2014.01.003","article-title":"Pulmonary aspergilloma: An unexpected complication of radiofrequency ablation in the management of targeted therapy for a patient with metastatic renal cell carcinoma","volume":"12","author":"Daste","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Genitourin. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvir.2009.07.029","article-title":"Aspergilloma in a cavity formed after percutaneous radiofrequency ablation for lung cancer","volume":"20","author":"Hiraki","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1007\/s00270-013-0631-1","article-title":"Pulmonary aspergilloma in a cavity formed after percutaneous radiofrequency ablation","volume":"37","author":"Alberti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Interv. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00583-2015","article-title":"Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis: Rationale and clinical guidelines for diagnosis and management","volume":"47","author":"Denning","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2015.08.006","article-title":"Evaluation of clinical characteristics and prognosis of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis depending on the underlying lung diseases: Emphysema vs prior tuberculosis","volume":"21","author":"Koyama","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Infect. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2014-206291","article-title":"The clinical spectrum of pulmonary aspergillosis","volume":"70","author":"Kosmidis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00162912","article-title":"Aspergillus fumigatus during stable state and exacerbations of COPD","volume":"43","author":"Bafadhel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.1086\/644619","article-title":"Association of mannose-binding lectin deficiency with acute invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromised patients","volume":"49","author":"Lambourne","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1086\/322791","article-title":"Mannose-binding lectin gene polymorphisms as a susceptibility factor for chronic necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis","volume":"184","author":"Crosdale","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Doffinger, R., Harris, C., Lear, S., Newton, P., Alachkar, H., Kumararatne, D., Barcenas-Morales, G., and Denning, D. (March, January 27). Impaired Th1 and Th17 immunity in chronic pulmonary aspergillosis. Proceedings of the Advances against Aspergillosis, Madrid, Spain."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.06.00021705","article-title":"Interferon-\u03b3 therapy in two patients with progressive chronic pulmonary aspergillosis","volume":"27","author":"Kelleher","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12362","article-title":"Clinical implications of interferon-\u03b3 genetic and epigenetic variants","volume":"143","author":"Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"O480","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12473","article-title":"A prominent role for the IL1 pathway and IL15 in susceptibility to chronic cavitary pulmonary aspergillosis","volume":"20","author":"Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"O960","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12643","article-title":"Reduced expression of TLR3, TLR10 and TREM1 by human macrophages in CCPA, and novel associations of VEGFA, DENND1B and PLAT","volume":"20","author":"Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu490","article-title":"Elevated levels of the neutrophil chemoattractant pro-platelet basic protein in macrophages from individuals with chronic and allergic aspergillosis","volume":"211","author":"Smith","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S207","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780400025179","article-title":"The invasive and saprophytic syndromes due to Aspergillus spp.","volume":"43","author":"Hope","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3100","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-015-3690-7","article-title":"Chronic aspergillosis of the lungs: Unravelling the terminology and radiology","volume":"25","author":"Desai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00869-2015","article-title":"Phenotyping chronic pulmonary aspergillosis by cluster analysis","volume":"46","author":"Godet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resinv.2015.10.003","article-title":"Recent advances in chronic pulmonary aspergillosis","volume":"54","author":"Izumikawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Respir. Investig."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2013.10.016","article-title":"Pathogenesis and clinical features of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis\u2014Is it possible to distinguish CNPA and CCPA clinically?","volume":"20","author":"Izumikawa","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Infect. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1155\/2005\/759070","article-title":"Aspergillus-related lung disease","volume":"12","author":"Ryan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Can. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1159\/000362674","article-title":"Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis: An update on diagnosis and treatment","volume":"88","author":"Godet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.3109\/13693786.2013.806826","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis","volume":"51","author":"Jhun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.14-0917","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary aspergillosis syndromes","volume":"146","author":"Patterson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12152","article-title":"Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis","volume":"57","author":"Schweer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201507-1476IM","article-title":"Subacute invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (SIPA) associated with ankylosing spondylitis (AS)","volume":"193","author":"Attaway","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"1242","article-title":"Chronic necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis in a renal transplant recipient","volume":"61","author":"Nasim","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pak. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199103073241003","article-title":"Pulmonary aspergillosis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome","volume":"324","author":"Denning","year":"1991","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.174.1.1740051","article-title":"Semiinvasive pulmonary aspergillosis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Radiologic and pathologic findings in nine patients","volume":"174","author":"Franquet","year":"2000","journal-title":"AJR Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2010.0448","article-title":"Pulmonary aspergilloma mimicking metastasis from papillary thyroid cancer","volume":"21","author":"Ahn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.22567","article-title":"Pulmonary manifestations in patients with cutaneous t-cell lymphomas","volume":"109","author":"Baser","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"267","article-title":"A case of aspergilloma detected after surgery for pneumothorax","volume":"12","author":"Sakuraba","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijscr.2013.02.028","article-title":"Aspergilloma mimicking a lung cancer","volume":"4","author":"Yasuda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"41","article-title":"Aspergillus colonisation of pulmonary rheumatoid nodules: A rare cause of \u201cbull\u2019s eye\u201d appearance","volume":"51","author":"Das","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indian J. Chest Dis. Allied Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3551","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.128.5.3551","article-title":"Endobronchial ultrasound-driven biopsy in the diagnosis of peripheral lung lesions","volume":"128","author":"Paone","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201311-384OC","article-title":"Radial probe endobronchial ultrasound for peripheral pulmonary lesions. A 5-year institutional experience","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1395499","article-title":"Radial probe endobronchial ultrasound and novel navigation biopsy techniques","volume":"35","author":"Chenna","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0000000000000284","article-title":"Advanced bronchoscopic techniques for the diagnosis of peripheral pulmonary lesions","volume":"22","author":"Mudambi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pulm. Med."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.165.1.3628758","article-title":"Intrathoracic aspergilloma: Role of CT in diagnosis and treatment","volume":"165","author":"Roberts","year":"1987","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1148\/radiographics.21.4.g01jl03825","article-title":"Spectrum of pulmonary aspergillosis: Histologic, clinical, and radiologic findings","volume":"21","author":"Franquet","year":"2001","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1988","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.121.6.1988","article-title":"The clinical spectrum of pulmonary aspergillosis","volume":"121","author":"Soubani","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2010.155515","article-title":"Pulmonary aspergillosis: An alternative diagnosis to lung cancer after positive [18F]FDG positron emission tomography","volume":"66","author":"Baxter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S147","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780500064771","article-title":"The radiological spectrum of pulmonary aspergillosis","volume":"43","author":"Greene","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.174.3.1740795","article-title":"Semiinvasive pulmonary aspergillosis: CT and pathologic findings in six patients","volume":"174","author":"Kim","year":"2000","journal-title":"AJR Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.140.2.7255704","article-title":"\u201cSemi-invasive\u201d Pulmonary aspergillosis: A new look at the spectrum of Aspergillus infections of the lung","volume":"140","author":"Gefter","year":"1981","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-1947-6-62","article-title":"Chronic necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis presenting as bilateral pleural effusion: A case report","volume":"6","author":"Rajalingham","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Med. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1007\/s12253-010-9299-x","article-title":"PET-CT imaging and reality","volume":"17","author":"Baliko","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pathol. Oncol. Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1086\/657306","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of posaconazole for chronic pulmonary aspergillosis","volume":"51","author":"Felton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3231","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-012-1690-y","article-title":"Voriconazole for chronic pulmonary aspergillosis: A prospective multicenter trial","volume":"31","author":"Cadranel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12075","article-title":"Itraconazole in chronic cavitary pulmonary aspergillosis: A randomised controlled trial and systematic review of literature","volume":"56","author":"Agarwal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"PA573","article-title":"Computed tomography assessment of response to treatment in chronic pulmonary aspergillosis","volume":"46","author":"Godet","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-003-0970-y","article-title":"Significance of Aspergillus fumigatus isolation from respiratory specimens of nongranulocytopenic patients","volume":"22","author":"Uffredi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2006.067546","article-title":"Quantification of IgG antibodies to Aspergillus fumigatus and pigeon antigens by immunocap technology: An alternative to the precipitation technique?","volume":"52","author":"Dupont","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2008.06.018","article-title":"Serologic diagnosis of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in patients with cystic fibrosis through the detection of immunoglobulin g to Aspergillus fumigatus","volume":"62","author":"Barton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2015.11.003","article-title":"Comparison of six Aspergillus-specific IgG assays for the diagnosis of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA)","volume":"72","author":"Page","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02690-14","article-title":"Evaluation of the Aspergillus western blot IgG kit for diagnosis of chronic aspergillosis","volume":"53","author":"Oliva","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01257-11","article-title":"Evaluation of a recombinant antigen-based enzyme immunoassay for the diagnosis of noninvasive aspergillosis","volume":"50","author":"Guitard","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.03261-15","article-title":"Prospective evaluation of a new Aspergillus IgG enzyme immunoassay kit for diagnosis of chronic and allergic pulmonary aspergillosis","volume":"54","author":"Dumollard","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myv020","article-title":"Antibody testing in aspergillosis\u2014Quo vadis?","volume":"53","author":"Page","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2005.08.022","article-title":"The efficacy and tolerability of voriconazole in the treatment of chronic cavitary pulmonary aspergillosis","volume":"52","author":"Jain","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(97)90173-8","article-title":"The histological spectrum of chronic necrotizing forms of pulmonary aspergillosis","volume":"28","author":"Yousem","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hum. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1186\/s13000-015-0388-8","article-title":"Histological study of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis","volume":"10","author":"Tochigi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diagn. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richardson, M.D., and Warnock, D.W. (2012). Fungal Infection Diagnosis and Management, Wiley-Blackwell. [4th ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118321492"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00091-13","article-title":"Molecular and nonmolecular diagnostic methods for invasive fungal infections","volume":"27","author":"Arvanitis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.07.011","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of chronic necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis: A review of 43 cases","volume":"14","author":"Nam","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2001.tb00006.x","article-title":"Chronic forms of pulmonary aspergillosis","volume":"7","author":"Denning","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.3109\/13693786.2011.615762","article-title":"Routine processing procedures for isolating filamentous fungi from respiratory sputum samples may underestimate fungal prevalence","volume":"50","author":"Pashley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12103","article-title":"Volume dependency for culture of fungi from respiratory secretions and increased sensitivity of Aspergillus quantitative PCR","volume":"57","author":"Fraczek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(97)89455-7","article-title":"The use of respiratory-tract cultures in the diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis","volume":"100","author":"Horvath","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1507.090043","article-title":"Frequency and evolution of azole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus associated with treatment failure","volume":"15","author":"Howard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.11.118","article-title":"Azole resistance in Aspergillus: A growing public health menace","volume":"6","author":"Denning","year":"2011","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Langridge, P.J., Sheehan, R.L., and Denning, D.W. (2016). Microbial yield from physiotherapy assisted sputum production in respiratory outpatients. BMC Pulm. Med., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-016-0188-2"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir179","article-title":"High-frequency triazole resistance found in nonculturable Aspergillus fumigatus from lungs of patients with chronic fungal disease","volume":"52","author":"Denning","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.04.007","article-title":"Novel immunologic classification of aspergillosis in adult cystic fibrosis","volume":"132","author":"Baxter","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2011.01.024","article-title":"Homogenisation of cystic fibrosis sputum by sonication--an essential step for Aspergillus PCR","volume":"85","author":"Baxter","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2012-202412","article-title":"Intravenous antibiotics reduce the presence of Aspergillus in adult cystic fibrosis sputum","volume":"68","author":"Baxter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3731","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01365-14","article-title":"PCR in diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis: A meta-analysis of diagnostic performance","volume":"52","author":"Arvanitis","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.1086\/588660","article-title":"Revised definitions of invasive fungal disease from the european organization for research and treatment of cancer\/invasive fungal infections cooperative group and the national institute of allergy and infectious diseases mycoses study group (EORTC\/MSG) consensus group","volume":"46","author":"Walsh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02327-07","article-title":"Improved detection of circulating Aspergillus antigen by use of a modified pretreatment procedure","volume":"46","author":"Ruegebrink","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdm571","article-title":"Aspergillus galactomannan testing in patients with long-term neutropenia: Implications for clinical management","volume":"19","author":"Penack","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e149","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir027","article-title":"Serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid galactomannan assays in patients with pulmonary aspergilloma","volume":"52","author":"Park","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_107","first-page":"176","article-title":"Contribution of galactomannan antigen detection to early diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis","volume":"13","author":"Racil","year":"2007","journal-title":"Klin. Mikrobiol. Infekc. Lek."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-007-0437-7","article-title":"Diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis by galactomannan antigenemia detection using an enzyme immunoassay","volume":"27","author":"Wheat","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1086\/422009","article-title":"Detection of galactomannan antigenemia by enzyme immunoassay for the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis: Variables that affect performance","volume":"190","author":"Marr","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4744","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.10.4744-4748.2004","article-title":"Detection of galactomannan antigenemia in patients receiving piperacillin-tazobactam and correlations between in vitro, in vivo, and clinical properties of the drug-antigen interaction","volume":"42","author":"Walsh","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.3109\/13693786.2012.682228","article-title":"Bronchoalveolar lavage galactomannan for the diagnosis of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis","volume":"50","author":"Izumikawa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.04.007","article-title":"The utility of galactomannan antigen in the bronchial washing and serum for diagnosing pulmonary aspergillosis","volume":"107","author":"Kono","year":"2013","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2014.01.005","article-title":"Serum galactomannan antigen test for the diagnosis of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis","volume":"68","author":"Shin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1843.2009.01548.x","article-title":"Comparison of Aspergillus galactomannan antigen testing with a new cut-off index and Aspergillus precipitating antibody testing for the diagnosis of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis","volume":"14","author":"Kitasato","year":"2009","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"ref_115","first-page":"134","article-title":"Early diagnosis of cerebral aspergillosis with various methods: A case report","volume":"21","author":"Sav","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infez. Med."},{"key":"ref_116","first-page":"379","article-title":"Using the galactomannan antigen assay in the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation","volume":"53","author":"Tanase","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rom. J. Morphol. Embryol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00072-12","article-title":"Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry: A fundamental shift in the routine practice of clinical microbiology","volume":"26","author":"Clark","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Normand, A.C., Cassagne, C., Ranque, S., L\u2019Ollivier, C., Fourquet, P., Roesems, S., Hendrickx, M., and Piarroux, R. (2013). Assessment of various parameters to improve MALDI-TOF MS reference spectra libraries constructed for the routine identification of filamentous fungi. BMC Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-13-76"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1586\/epr.13.8","article-title":"Maldi-tof mass spectrometry in the clinical mycology laboratory: Identification of fungi and beyond","volume":"10","author":"Posteraro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cassagne, C., Ranque, S., Normand, A.C., Fourquet, P., Thiebault, S., Planard, C., Hendrickx, M., and Piarroux, R. (2011). Mould routine identification in the clinical laboratory by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028425"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-014-9757-1","article-title":"Maldi-tof mass spectrometry: Any use for aspergilli?","volume":"178","author":"Sanguinetti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2009.04448.x","article-title":"Filamentous fungal characterizations by matrix-assisted laser desorption\/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry","volume":"108","author":"Santos","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3143","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.201100049","article-title":"Proteomics for routine identification of microorganisms","volume":"11","author":"Welker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12343","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of the Aspergillus-specific bronchoalveolar lavage lateral-flow assay in haematological malignancy patients","volume":"58","author":"Prattes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780802475212","article-title":"Detection of 2-pentylfuran in the breath of patients with Aspergillus fumigatus","volume":"47","author":"Chambers","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2010.156695","article-title":"Non-invasive phenotyping using exhaled volatile organic compounds in asthma","volume":"66","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-13-72","article-title":"Exhaled volatile organic compounds for phenotyping chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A cross-sectional study","volume":"13","author":"Basanta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"016002","DOI":"10.1088\/1752-7155\/6\/1\/016002","article-title":"Biomedically important pathogenic fungi detection with volatile biomarkers","volume":"6","author":"Bazemore","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Breath Res."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0b013e328351f98b","article-title":"Developments in novel breath tests for bacterial and fungal pulmonary infection","volume":"18","author":"Chambers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pulm. Med."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00074-14","article-title":"The volatome of Aspergillus fumigatus","volume":"13","author":"Heddergott","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eukaryot. Cell"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu725","article-title":"A breath fungal secondary metabolite signature to diagnose invasive aspergillosis","volume":"59","author":"Koo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1086\/525258","article-title":"Treatment of aspergillosis: Clinical practice guidelines of the infectious diseases society of america","volume":"46","author":"Walsh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1186\/1749-8090-8-180","article-title":"Results of surgery for chronic pulmonary aspergillosis, optimal antifungal therapy and proposed high risk factors for recurrence\u2014A national centre\u2019s experience","volume":"8","author":"Farid","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cardiothorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcts.2008.06.049","article-title":"Surgical outcome of pulmonary aspergilloma","volume":"34","author":"Brik","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(99)01334-X","article-title":"Aspergilloma: A series of 89 surgical cases","volume":"69","author":"Regnard","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_136","first-page":"1375","article-title":"The treatment of pulmonary aspergilloma","volume":"2","author":"Judson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Investig. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0507.1988.tb03653.x","article-title":"The treatment of aspergillosis and aspergilloma with itraconazole, clinical results of an open international study (1982\u20131987)","volume":"31","author":"Cauwenbergh","year":"1988","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/0190-9622(90)70263-H","article-title":"Itraconazole therapy in aspergillosis: Study in 49 patients","volume":"23","author":"Dupont","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-2113.159563","article-title":"A comparative study of itraconazole in various dose schedules in the treatment of pulmonary aspergilloma in treated patients of pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"32","author":"Gupta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lung India"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-014-0711-4","article-title":"Treatment of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis with voriconazole: Review of a case series","volume":"43","author":"Cucchetto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-012-0322-x","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of voriconazole in the treatment of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis: Experience in Japan","volume":"40","author":"Saito","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit411","article-title":"Long-term antifungal treatment improves health status in patients with chronic pulmonary aspergillosis: A longitudinal analysis","volume":"57","author":"Atherton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.12-0014","article-title":"Validity and reliability of the St. George\u2019s respiratory questionnaire in assessing health status in patients with chronic pulmonary aspergillosis","volume":"144","author":"Atherton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ571","article-title":"Isavuconazole: A new broad-spectrum triazole antifungal agent","volume":"61","author":"Miceli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.50.1.279-285.2006","article-title":"Single-ascending-dose pharmacokinetics and safety of the novel broad-spectrum antifungal triazole bal4815 after intravenous infusions (50, 100, and 200 milligrams) and oral administrations (100, 200, and 400 milligrams) of its prodrug, BAL8557, in healthy volunteers","volume":"50","author":"Roos","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_146","first-page":"164","article-title":"The clinical response to a short term course of intravenous liposomal amphotericin B therapy in patients with chronic pulmonary aspergillosis","volume":"56","author":"Newton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_147","first-page":"688","article-title":"Clinical efficacy and safety of micafungin in Japanese patients with chronic pulmonary aspergillosis: A prospective observational study","volume":"49","author":"Kohno","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1007\/s10156-007-0524-9","article-title":"Successful treatment of refractory chronic necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis with micafungin","volume":"13","author":"Ouchi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Infect. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780701278386","article-title":"Clinical efficacy of micafungin for chronic pulmonary aspergillosis","volume":"45","author":"Izumikawa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2010.08.005","article-title":"Intravenous micafungin versus voriconazole for chronic pulmonary aspergillosis: A multicenter trial in Japan","volume":"61","author":"Kohno","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-012-1754-z","article-title":"A double-blind comparative study of the safety and efficacy of caspofungin versus micafungin in the treatment of candidiasis and aspergillosis","volume":"32","author":"Kohno","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drup.2015.08.001","article-title":"International expert opinion on the management of infection caused by azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus","volume":"21\u201322","author":"Verweij","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Resist. Updates"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02336-15","article-title":"In vitro activity of Asp2397 against Aspergillus isolates with or without acquired azole resistance mechanisms","volume":"60","author":"Arendrup","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa6097","article-title":"Infectious disease. How to bolster the antifungal pipeline","volume":"347","author":"Denning","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perfect, J.R. (2016). Is there an emerging need for new antifungals?. Expert. Opin. Emerg. Drugs.","DOI":"10.1517\/14728214.2016.1155554"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00043","article-title":"Editorial: Advances in Aspergillus fumigatus pathobiology","volume":"7","author":"Lamoth","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2014.05.068","article-title":"Design and optimization of highly-selective fungal CYP51 inhibitors","volume":"24","author":"Hoekstra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7121","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.03707-14","article-title":"The clinical candidate VT-1161 is a highly potent inhibitor of Candida albicans CYP51 but fails to bind the human enzyme","volume":"58","author":"Warrilow","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1093\/icvts\/ivs130","article-title":"Surgical treatment for pulmonary aspergilloma: A 35-year experience in the Chinese population","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Interact. Cardiovasc. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2013.10.050","article-title":"Surgical therapy of pulmonary aspergillomas: A 30-year North American experience","volume":"97","author":"Muniappan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2005.03.078","article-title":"Clinical profile and surgical outcome for pulmonary aspergilloma: A single center experience","volume":"80","author":"Akbari","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_162","first-page":"23","article-title":"Surgical treatment of pulmonary aspergilloma: A series of 72 cases","volume":"49","author":"Pratap","year":"2007","journal-title":"Indian J. Chest Dis. Allied. Sci."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2004.05.050","article-title":"Good long-term outcomes after surgical treatment of simple and complex pulmonary aspergilloma","volume":"79","author":"Kim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2013.08.010","article-title":"Video-assisted thoracic surgery for pulmonary aspergilloma: A safe and effective procedure","volume":"97","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_165","first-page":"86","article-title":"Is video-assisted thoracic surgery a versatile treatment for both simple and complex pulmonary aspergilloma?","volume":"6","author":"Yuan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Dis."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2010.02.037","article-title":"Surgery for pulmonary aspergilloma in immunocompetent patients: No benefit from adjuvant antifungal pharmacotherapy","volume":"89","author":"Sagan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2010.06.039","article-title":"Predictive and prognostic value of preoperative symptoms in the surgical treatment of pulmonary aspergilloma","volume":"163","author":"Sagan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1093\/icvts\/ivu069","article-title":"Adjuvant antifungal therapy after pulmonary surgery for aspergilloma: Is it useful?","volume":"18","author":"Benhamed","year":"2014","journal-title":"Interact. Cardiovasc. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_169","first-page":"319","article-title":"Percutaneous bronchial artery embolization in the management of massive hemoptysis in chronic lung diseases. Immediate and long-term outcomes","volume":"27","author":"Serasli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. Angiol."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.121.3.789","article-title":"Bronchial artery embolization: Experience with 54 patients","volume":"121","author":"Swanson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.51.3.253","article-title":"Topical treatment of life threatening haemoptysis from aspergillomas","volume":"51","author":"Rumbak","year":"1996","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.12-1784","article-title":"A modern series of percutaneous intracavitary instillation of amphotericin B for the treatment of severe hemoptysis from pulmonary aspergilloma","volume":"143","author":"Kravitz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.94.6.1225","article-title":"Severe hemoptysis associated with pulmonary aspergilloma. Percutaneous intracavitary treatment","volume":"94","author":"Shapiro","year":"1988","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1086\/324620","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of voriconazole in the treatment of acute invasive aspergillosis","volume":"34","author":"Denning","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/26.4.561","article-title":"Adverse events associated with itraconazole in 189 patients on chronic therapy","volume":"26","author":"Tucker","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v6.i8.601","article-title":"Assessing liver injury associated with antimycotics: Concise literature review and clues from data mining of the faers database","volume":"6","author":"Raschi","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5224","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00939-09","article-title":"Therapeutic drug monitoring of posaconazole: A monocentric study with 54 adults","volume":"53","author":"Lebeaux","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1086\/521174","article-title":"Lack of cross-hepatotoxicity between voriconazole and posaconazole","volume":"45","author":"Foo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1086\/374255","article-title":"Lack of cross-hepatotoxicity between fluconazole and voriconazole","volume":"36","author":"Spellberg","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2136","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkr233","article-title":"Peripheral neuropathy in patients on long-term triazole antifungal therapy","volume":"66","author":"Baxter","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1159\/000140466","article-title":"Voriconazole-induced neuropathy","volume":"54","author":"Aksoy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chemotherapy"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-1947-5-140","article-title":"Itraconazole associated quadriparesis and edema: A case report","volume":"5","author":"Karadi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Med. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.62.1.144","article-title":"Painful peripheral neuropathy associated with voriconazole use","volume":"62","author":"Tsiodras","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.12.057","article-title":"Congestive heart failure related to antifungal therapy with itraconazole","volume":"172","author":"Vollenbroich","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1002\/jcph.84","article-title":"A quantitative analysis of the spontaneous reporting of congestive heart failure-related adverse events with systemic anti-fungal drugs","volume":"53","author":"Hauben","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1007\/s10156-012-0414-7","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of short- and long-term treatment of itraconazole on chronic necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis in multicenter study","volume":"18","author":"Yoshida","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Infect. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00021208","article-title":"Cardiovascular adverse effects during itraconazole therapy","volume":"32","author":"Fung","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1766","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)04891-1","article-title":"Congestive heart failure associated with itraconazole","volume":"57","author":"Ahmad","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.3121\/cmr.2008.806","article-title":"Voriconazole-induced photosensitivity","volume":"6","author":"Malani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1610-0387.2010.07563.x","article-title":"Severe phototoxicity associated with long-term voriconazole treatment","volume":"9","author":"Vohringer","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Dtsch. Dermatol. Ges."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goyal, R.K. (2015). Voriconazole-associated phototoxic dermatoses and skin cancer. Expert Rev. Anti Infect. Ther., 13.","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.2015.1102053"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2230.2001.00909.x","article-title":"Muco-cutaneous retinoid-effects and facial erythema related to the novel triazole antifungal agent voriconazole","volume":"26","author":"Denning","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2845","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2009.02837.x","article-title":"Periostitis secondary to prolonged voriconazole therapy in lung transplant recipients","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Transpl."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e779","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2011.35.9604","article-title":"Fluorosis because of prolonged voriconazole therapy in a teenager with acute myelogenous leukemia","volume":"29","author":"Skiles","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciq188","article-title":"Fluoride excess and periostitis in transplant patients receiving long-term voriconazole therapy","volume":"52","author":"Wermers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-011-1922-x","article-title":"Voriconazole-induced periostitis","volume":"39","author":"Rossier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.14122800","article-title":"Case 215: Voriconazole-induced periostitis","volume":"274","author":"Tailor","year":"2015","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu513","article-title":"Plasma fluoride level as a predictor of voriconazole-induced periostitis in patients with skeletal pain","volume":"59","author":"Moon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199003223221210","article-title":"Fluoride and bone\u2014Quantity versus quality","volume":"322","author":"Lindsay","year":"1990","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7205","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00872-15","article-title":"Voriconazole enhances osteogenic activity of human osteoblasts in vitro through a fluoride-independent mechanism","volume":"59","author":"Allen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-15270","article-title":"Voriconazole, an antifungal triazol that causes visual side effects, is an inhibitor of TRPM1 and TRPM3 channels","volume":"56","author":"Xiong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1086\/367933","article-title":"Voriconazole: A new triazole antifungal agent","volume":"36","author":"Johnson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.3109\/15569527.2015.1020544","article-title":"Voriconazole-associated visual disturbances and hallucinations","volume":"35","author":"Bayhan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cutan. Ocul. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu017","article-title":"Voriconazole metabolism, toxicity, and the effect of cytochrome P450 2C19 genotype","volume":"209","author":"Zonios","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bartholomew, J.S., Banfield, S., Atherton, G.T., and Denning, D.W. (2016). Comment on: Antifungal therapy: Drug-drug interactions at your fingertips. J. Antimicrob. Chemother.","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkw047"},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.04075-14","article-title":"Effect of rifampin and rifabutin on serum itraconazole levels in patients with chronic pulmonary aspergillosis and coexisting nontuberculous mycobacterial infection","volume":"59","author":"Moon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.28.8.1076","article-title":"Concomitant use of voriconazole and rifabutin in a patient with multiple infections","volume":"28","author":"Schwiesow","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkh507","article-title":"Mutations in the CYP51A gene and susceptibility to itraconazole in Aspergillus fumigatus serially isolated from a patient with lung aspergilloma","volume":"55","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2009.02911.x","article-title":"Azole resistance in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and Aspergillus bronchitis","volume":"16","author":"Howard","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arendrup, M.C., Mavridou, E., Mortensen, K.L., Snelders, E., Frimodt-Moller, N., Khan, H., Melchers, W.J., and Verweij, P.E. (2010). Development of azole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus during azole therapy associated with change in virulence. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0010080"},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2343","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00502-15","article-title":"High-level pan-azole-resistant aspergillosis","volume":"53","author":"Rijs","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(09)70265-8","article-title":"Azole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus: A side-effect of environmental fungicide use?","volume":"9","author":"Verweij","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Snelders, E., Camps, S.M., Karawajczyk, A., Schaftenaar, G., Kema, G.H., van der Lee, H.A., Klaassen, C.H., Melchers, W.J., and Verweij, P.E. (2012). Triazole fungicides can induce cross-resistance to medical triazoles in Aspergillus fumigatus. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0031801"},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chowdhary, A., Kathuria, S., Xu, J., and Meis, J.F. (2013). Emergence of azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus strains due to agricultural azole use creates an increasing threat to human health. PLoS Pathog., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/annotation\/4ffcf1da-b180-4149-834c-9c723c5dbf9b"},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.41.6.1364","article-title":"Itraconazole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus","volume":"41","author":"Denning","year":"1997","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Snelders, E., van der Lee, H.A., Kuijpers, J., Rijs, A.J., Varga, J., Samson, R.A., Mellado, E., Donders, A.R., Melchers, W.J., and Verweij, P.E. (2008). Emergence of azole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus and spread of a single resistance mechanism. PLoS Med., 5.","DOI":"10.4016\/8254.01"},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12440","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of aspergillosis in The Netherlands: A national survey","volume":"59","author":"Lestrade","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4356","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00100-15","article-title":"Environmental isolates of azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus in Germany","volume":"59","author":"Bader","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.00428","article-title":"Prevalence and mechanism of triazole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus in a referral chest hospital in Delhi, India and an update of the situation in Asia","volume":"6","author":"Chowdhary","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2106.140717","article-title":"Prospective multicenter international surveillance of azole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus","volume":"21","author":"Arendrup","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2012.06758.x","article-title":"Management of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis","volume":"1272","author":"Izumikawa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12469","article-title":"Epidemiology and molecular mechanisms of antifungal resistance in Candida and Aspergillus","volume":"59","author":"Goncalves","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3823","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00636-13","article-title":"Multicenter study of isavuconazole MIC distributions and epidemiological cutoff values for Aspergillus spp. for the CLSI M38-A2 broth microdilution method","volume":"57","author":"Chowdhary","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2979","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dku259","article-title":"Multi-azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus in the environment in Tanzania","volume":"69","author":"Chowdhary","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkr443","article-title":"Isolation of multiple-triazole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus strains carrying the TR\/L98H mutations in the CYP51A gene in India","volume":"67","author":"Chowdhary","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dki399","article-title":"In vitro activity of a new triazole BAL4815, the active component of BAL8557 (the water-soluble prodrug), against Aspergillus spp.","volume":"57","author":"Warn","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2115","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00667-15","article-title":"Analytical and clinical evaluation of the pathonostics aspergenius assay for detection of invasive aspergillosis and resistance to azole antifungal drugs during testing of serum samples","volume":"53","author":"White","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02221-09","article-title":"Rapid diagnosis of azole-resistant aspergillosis by direct PCR using tissue specimens","volume":"48","author":"Snelders","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.03216-14","article-title":"Validation of a new Aspergillus real-time PCR assay for direct detection of Aspergillus and azole resistance of Aspergillus fumigatus on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid","volume":"53","author":"Chong","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12390","article-title":"Burden of serious fungal infections in Tanzania","volume":"58","author":"Faini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12381","article-title":"Burden of fungal infections in Senegal","volume":"58","author":"Badiane","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2015.04.026","article-title":"Burden of serious fungal infections in the Dominican Republic","volume":"9","author":"Gugnani","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Infect. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agarwal, R., Denning, D.W., and Chakrabarti, A. (2014). Estimation of the burden of chronic and allergic pulmonary aspergillosis in India. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0114745"},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12393","article-title":"Burden of serious fungal infections in Nepal","volume":"58","author":"Khwakhali","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.3109\/13693786.2012.738312","article-title":"Global burden of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis with asthma and its complication chronic pulmonary aspergillosis in adults","volume":"51","author":"Denning","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2014.02.003","article-title":"Recurrence of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis after discontinuation of maintenance treatment by antifungal triazoles","volume":"20","author":"Koyama","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Infect. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.52.9142","article-title":"Prognostic factors in 194 patients with chronic necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis","volume":"52","author":"Nakamoto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Intern. Med."}],"container-title":["Journal of Fungi"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2309-608X\/2\/2\/18\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:25:07Z","timestamp":1760210707000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2309-608X\/2\/2\/18"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,7]]},"references-count":237,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6]]}},"alternative-id":["jof2020018"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jof2020018","relation":{},"ISSN":["2309-608X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2309-608X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,7]]}}}