{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T02:00:46Z","timestamp":1778896846124,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,8]],"date-time":"2016-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1473292800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aspergillus spp. are a group of filamentous molds that were first described due to a perceived similarity to an aspergillum, or liturgical device used to sprinkle holy water, when viewed under a microscope. Although commonly inhaled due to their ubiquitous nature within the environment, an invasive fungal infection (IFI) is a rare outcome that is often reserved for those patients who are immunocompromised. Given the potential for significant morbidity and mortality within this patient population from IFI due to Aspergillus spp., along with the rise in the use of therapies that confer immunosuppression, there is an increasing need for appropriate initial clinical suspicion leading to accurate diagnosis and effective treatment. Voriconazole remains the first line agent for therapy; however, the use of polyenes, novel triazole agents, or voriconazole in combination with an echinocandin may also be utilized. Consideration as to which particular agent and for what duration should be made in the individual context for each patient based upon underlying immunosuppression, comorbidities, and overall tolerance of therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof2030025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,8]],"date-time":"2016-09-08T10:08:36Z","timestamp":1473329316000},"page":"25","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Treatment of Primary Pulmonary Aspergillosis: An Assessment of the Evidence"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Ethan","family":"Stewart","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Davis Medical Center, 4150 V Street, Suite G500, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Davis Medical Center, 4150 V Street, Suite G500, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Rm. 3138, Tupper Hall, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"986","article-title":"Invasive fungal infections in patients with hematologic malignancies in a tertiary care cancer center: An autopsy study over a 15-year period (1989\u20132003)","volume":"91","author":"Chamilos","year":"2006","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1086\/651262","article-title":"Invasive fungal infections among organ transplant recipients: Results of the Transplant-Associated Infection Surveillance Network (TRANSNET)","volume":"50","author":"Pappas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. 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