{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T22:42:10Z","timestamp":1790116930985,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,10]],"date-time":"2017-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1486684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Azole resistance in Aspergillus has emerged as an escalating problem in health care, and it has been detected in patients exposed, or not, to these drugs. It is known that azole antifungals are widely applied not only in clinical treatments for fungal infections, but also as agricultural fungicides, resulting in a significant threat for human health. Although the number of cases of azole-resistant aspergillosis is still limited, various resistance mechanisms are described from clinical and environmental isolates. These mechanisms consist mainly of alterations in the target of azole action (CYP51A gene)\u2014specifically on TR34\/L98H and TR46\/Y121F\/T289A, which are responsible for over 90% of resistance cases. This review summarizes the epidemiology, management, and extension of azole resistance in A. fumigatus worldwide and its potential impact in Latin American countries, emphasizing its relevance to clinical practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof3010005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,15]],"date-time":"2017-02-15T10:09:07Z","timestamp":1487153347000},"page":"5","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Global Aspects of Triazole Resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus with Focus on Latin American Countries"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Sarah","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research in Medical Mycology, Department of Pathology, Universidade Federal do Esp\u00edrito Santo-UFES, Av. Marechal Campos, 1468, Maru\u00edpe CEP 29.040-090, Vit\u00f3ria-ES, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S24","DOI":"10.3109\/13693786.2010.509335","article-title":"Aspergillosis: Nosocomial or community-acquired?","volume":"49","author":"Nicolle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00683","article-title":"Aspergillus fumigatus-related species in clinical practice","volume":"7","author":"Lamoth","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01164","article-title":"Direct molecular diagnosis of aspergillosis and CYP51A profiling from respiratory samples of french patients","volume":"7","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12494","article-title":"Diversity and origins of indian multi-triazole resistant strains of Aspergillus fumigatus","volume":"59","author":"Chang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S261","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780802247702","article-title":"Differences in pathogenicity and clinical syndromes due to Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus flavus","volume":"47","author":"Pasqualotto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"156","article-title":"Hospital sources of aspergillus: New routes of transmission?","volume":"18","author":"Warris","year":"2001","journal-title":"Rev. Iberoam. Micol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3109\/10408410903241444","article-title":"Epidemiology of invasive mycoses in North America","volume":"36","author":"Pfaller","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leonardelli, F., Theill, L., Nardin, M.E., Macedo, D., Dudiuk, C., Mendez, E., Gamarra, S., and Garcia-Effron, G. (2017). First itraconazole resistant Aspergillus fumigatus clinical isolate harbouring a G54E substitution in CYP51AP in South America. Rev. Iberoam. Micol.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.riam.2016.05.005"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1086\/655683","article-title":"Epidemiology of opportunistic fungal infections in Latin America","volume":"51","author":"Nucci","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780802322232","article-title":"Clinical aspergillosis for basic scientists","volume":"47","author":"Stevens","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2009.012054","article-title":"Invasive aspergillosis in patients with acute myeloid leukemia: A seifem-2008 registry study","volume":"95","author":"Pagano","year":"2010","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0000000000000031","article-title":"Primary immunodeficiencies underlying fungal infections","volume":"25","author":"Lanternier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-007-0527-7","article-title":"Fungal infections in primary immunodeficiencies","volume":"166","author":"Antachopoulos","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2005.05763.x","article-title":"Epidemiology and outcome of infections due to Aspergillus terreus: 10-year single centre experience","volume":"131","author":"Griff","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.11.118","article-title":"Azole resistance in aspergillus: A growing public health menace","volume":"6","author":"Denning","year":"2011","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.11.089441","article-title":"Global burden of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis as a sequel to pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"89","author":"Denning","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drup.2015.08.001","article-title":"International expert opinion on the management of infection caused by azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus","volume":"21\u201322","author":"Verweij","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Resist. Updat."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165rv13","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3004404","article-title":"Hidden killers: Human fungal infections","volume":"4","author":"Brown","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S90","DOI":"10.3109\/13693786.2010.508469","article-title":"Acquired antifungal drug resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus: Epidemiology and detection","volume":"49","author":"Howard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"2706","article-title":"In vitro susceptibility testing of aspergillus spp. Against voriconazole, itraconazole, posaconazole, amphotericin b and caspofungin","volume":"123","author":"Shi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goncalves, S.S., Souza, A.C., Chowdhary, A., Meis, J.F., and Colombo, A.L. (2016). Epidemiology and molecular mechanisms of antifungal resistance in Candida and Aspergillus. Mycoses.","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12469"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1944","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01902-12","article-title":"In vitro antifungal susceptibility of clinically relevant species belonging to aspergillus section flavi","volume":"57","author":"Goncalves","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2002.120627","article-title":"Amphotericin B-resistant Aspergillus flavus infection successfully treated with caspofungin, a novel antifungal agent","volume":"46","author":"Koss","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4805","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.10.4805-4808.2004","article-title":"Use of lung resection and voriconazole for successful treatment of invasive pulmonary aspergillus ustus infection","volume":"42","author":"Azzola","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3271","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00854-09","article-title":"Patterns of susceptibility of aspergillus isolates recovered from patients enrolled in the transplant-associated infection surveillance network","volume":"47","author":"Baddley","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3138","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01070-09","article-title":"Molecular identification of Aspergillus species collected for the transplant-associated infection surveillance network","volume":"47","author":"Balajee","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0507.2008.01642.x","article-title":"Aspergillus flavus: An emerging non-fumigatus aspergillus species of significance","volume":"52","author":"Krishnan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2106.140717","article-title":"Prospective multicenter international surveillance of azole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus","volume":"21","author":"Arendrup","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-014-9840-7","article-title":"Early invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in a kidney transplant recipient caused by Aspergillus lentulus: First brazilian report","volume":"179","author":"Bastos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3633","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01582-14","article-title":"Cryptic and rare Aspergillus species in Brazil: Prevalence in clinical samples and in vitro susceptibility to triazoles","volume":"52","author":"Negri","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.5.1719-1726.2003","article-title":"Multiple resistance mechanisms among Aspergillus fumigatus mutants with high-level resistance to itraconazole","volume":"47","author":"Nascimento","year":"2003","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.05088-11","article-title":"Rapid induction of multiple resistance mechanisms in Aspergillus fumigatus during azole therapy: A case study and review of the literature","volume":"56","author":"Camps","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(09)70265-8","article-title":"Azole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus: A side-effect of environmental fungicide use?","volume":"9","author":"Verweij","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Snelders, E., van der Lee, H.A., Kuijpers, J., Rijs, A.J., Varga, J., Samson, R.A., Mellado, E., Donders, A.R., Melchers, W.J., and Verweij, P.E. (2008). Emergence of azole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus and spread of a single resistance mechanism. PLoS Med., 5.","DOI":"10.4016\/8254.01"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"e00536","article-title":"Genomic context of azole resistance mutations in Aspergillus fumigatus determined using whole-genome sequencing","volume":"6","author":"Abdolrasouli","year":"2015","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2431","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.7.2431-2438.2001","article-title":"Identification of two different 14-\u03b1 sterol demethylase-related genes (CYP51A and CYP51B) in Aspergillus fumigatus and other aspergillus species","volume":"39","author":"Mellado","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"70","article-title":"Multiple mechanisms contribute to the development of clinically significant azole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus","volume":"6","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02234-15","article-title":"Azole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus clinical isolates from an italian culture collection","volume":"60","author":"Lazzarini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit321","article-title":"Voriconazole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus: Should we be concerned?","volume":"57","author":"Denning","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1897","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01092-06","article-title":"A new Aspergillus fumigatus resistance mechanism conferring in vitro cross-resistance to azole antifungals involves a combination of CYP51A alterations","volume":"51","author":"Mellado","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1846","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1710.110226","article-title":"Clinical implications of azole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus, the netherlands, 2007\u20132009","volume":"17","author":"Snelders","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00045-10","article-title":"Regulatory circuitry governing fungal development, drug resistance, and disease","volume":"75","author":"Shapiro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dku364","article-title":"Azole, polyene and echinocandin mic distributions for wild-type, TR34\/L98H AND TR46\/Y121F\/T289A Aspergillus fumigatus isolates in The Netherlands","volume":"70","author":"Rijs","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2201.150978","article-title":"Multiple fungicide-driven alterations in azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus, colombia, 2015","volume":"22","author":"Lavergne","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2894","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkv177","article-title":"High prevalence of azole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus isolates from high-risk patients","volume":"70","author":"Fuhren","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4870","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00514-12","article-title":"Correlation between triazole treatment history and susceptibility in clinically isolated Aspergillus fumigatus","volume":"56","author":"Tashiro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dku009","article-title":"Prevalence and molecular characterization of azole resistance in Aspergillus spp. Isolates from german cystic fibrosis patients","volume":"69","author":"Fischer","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5096","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02855-14","article-title":"First detection of TR46\/Y121F\/T289A and TR34\/L98H alterations in Aspergillus fumigatus isolates from azole-naive patients in Denmark despite negative findings in the environment","volume":"58","author":"Astvad","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkt397","article-title":"Azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus with the environmental TR46\/Y121F\/T289A mutation in India","volume":"69","author":"Chowdhary","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.14.27","article-title":"Exploring azole antifungal drug resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus with special reference to resistance mechanisms","volume":"9","author":"Chowdhary","year":"2014","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7148","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00887-15","article-title":"Emergence of TR46\/Y121F\/T289A in an Aspergillus fumigatus isolate from a Chinese patient","volume":"59","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2015.04.005","article-title":"First detection of Aspergillus fumigatus azole-resistant strain due to CYP51A TR46\/Y121F\/T289A in an azole-naive patient in spain","volume":"6","author":"Pelaez","year":"2015","journal-title":"New Microbes New Infect."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dku566","article-title":"Emergence of azole-resistant invasive aspergillosis in hsct recipients in germany","volume":"70","author":"Steinmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4331","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00127-15","article-title":"First description of azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus due to TR46\/Y121F\/T289A mutation in france","volume":"59","author":"Lavergne","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12047","article-title":"Major variations in Aspergillus fumigatus arising within aspergillomas in chronic pulmonary aspergillosis","volume":"56","author":"Howard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5778","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01141-13","article-title":"In vitro susceptibility of Aspergillus fumigatus to isavuconazole: Correlation with itraconazole, voriconazole, and posaconazole","volume":"57","author":"Gregson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6284","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01355-13","article-title":"Isavuconazole (BAL4815) pharmacodynamic target determination in an in vivo murine model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis against wild-type and CYP51 mutant isolates of Aspergillus fumigatus","volume":"57","author":"Lepak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2855","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.04907-14","article-title":"Pharmacodynamics of isavuconazole in an Aspergillus fumigatus mouse infection model","volume":"59","author":"Seyedmousavi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2016.00011","article-title":"Emerging threats in antifungal-resistant fungal pathogens","volume":"3","author":"Sanglard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit320","article-title":"Aspergillosis due to voriconazole highly resistant Aspergillus fumigatus and recovery of genetically related resistant isolates from domiciles","volume":"57","author":"Camps","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2016.04.001","article-title":"Azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus in Denmark: A laboratory-based study on resistance mechanisms and genotypes","volume":"22","author":"Jensen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000005","article-title":"Azole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus: A growing public health concern","volume":"26","author":"Vermeulen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chowdhary, A., Kathuria, S., Xu, J., and Meis, J.F. (2013). Emergence of azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus strains due to agricultural azole use creates an increasing threat to human health. PLoS Pathog., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/annotation\/4ffcf1da-b180-4149-834c-9c723c5dbf9b"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1507.090043","article-title":"Frequency and evolution of azole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus associated with treatment failure","volume":"15","author":"Howard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2243","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00213-11","article-title":"Aspergillus species and other molds in respiratory samples from patients with cystic fibrosis: A laboratory-based study with focus on Aspergillus fumigatus azole resistance","volume":"49","author":"Mortensen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1086\/525258","article-title":"Treatment of aspergillosis: Clinical practice guidelines of the infectious diseases society of America","volume":"46","author":"Walsh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ885","article-title":"Azole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus: Can we retain the clinical use of mold-active antifungal azoles?","volume":"62","author":"Verweij","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)70006-X","article-title":"British society for medical mycology best practice recommendations for the diagnosis of serious fungal diseases","volume":"15","author":"Schelenz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12103","article-title":"Volume dependency for culture of fungi from respiratory secretions and increased sensitivity of aspergillus quantitative pcr","volume":"57","author":"Fraczek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2201.151308","article-title":"Azole resistance of Aspergillus fumigatus in immunocompromised patients with invasive aspergillosis","volume":"22","author":"Arendrup","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."}],"container-title":["Journal of Fungi"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2309-608X\/3\/1\/5\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:27:55Z","timestamp":1760207275000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2309-608X\/3\/1\/5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,10]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]}},"alternative-id":["jof3010005"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jof3010005","relation":{},"ISSN":["2309-608X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2309-608X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,10]]}}}