{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T02:21:37Z","timestamp":1793413297721,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":193,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,18]],"date-time":"2017-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1508284800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fungal diseases kill more than 1.5 million and affect over a billion people. However, they are still a neglected topic by public health authorities even though most deaths from fungal diseases are avoidable. Serious fungal infections occur as a consequence of other health problems including asthma, AIDS, cancer, organ transplantation and corticosteroid therapies. Early accurate diagnosis allows prompt antifungal therapy; however this is often delayed or unavailable leading to death, serious chronic illness or blindness. Recent global estimates have found 3,000,000 cases of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis, ~223,100 cases of cryptococcal meningitis complicating HIV\/AIDS, ~700,000 cases of invasive candidiasis, ~500,000 cases of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia, ~250,000 cases of invasive aspergillosis, ~100,000 cases of disseminated histoplasmosis, over 10,000,000 cases of fungal asthma and ~1,000,000 cases of fungal keratitis occur annually. Since 2013, the Leading International Fungal Education (LIFE) portal has facilitated the estimation of the burden of serious fungal infections country by country for over 5.7 billion people (&gt;80% of the world\u2019s population). These studies have shown differences in the global burden between countries, within regions of the same country and between at risk populations. Here we interrogate the accuracy of these fungal infection burden estimates in the 43 published papers within the LIFE initiative.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof3040057","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,18]],"date-time":"2017-10-18T11:10:00Z","timestamp":1508325000000},"page":"57","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2615,"title":["Global and Multi-National Prevalence of Fungal Diseases\u2014Estimate Precision"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4515-8517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felix","family":"Bongomin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The National Aspergillosis Center, Education and Research Centre, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M23 9LT, UK"},{"name":"Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"},{"name":"Global Action Fund for Fungal Infections, 1211 Geneva 1, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7027-4598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Gago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"},{"name":"Global Action Fund for Fungal Infections, 1211 Geneva 1, Switzerland"},{"name":"Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Core Technology Facility, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13, 9PL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Oladele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"},{"name":"Global Action Fund for Fungal Infections, 1211 Geneva 1, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5626-2251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Denning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The National Aspergillosis Center, Education and Research Centre, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M23 9LT, UK"},{"name":"Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"},{"name":"Global Action Fund for Fungal Infections, 1211 Geneva 1, Switzerland"},{"name":"Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Core Technology Facility, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13, 9PL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3004404","article-title":"Hidden Killers: Human Fungal Infections","volume":"4","author":"Brown","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. 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