{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T06:43:20Z","timestamp":1791873800166,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":133,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,17]],"date-time":"2018-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1518825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cryptococcus neoformans is a common environmental saprophyte and human fungal pathogen that primarily causes disease in immunocompromised individuals. Similar to many environmentally acquired human fungal pathogens, C. neoformans initiates infection in the lungs. However, the main driver of mortality is invasive cryptococcosis leading to fungal meningitis. After C. neoformans gains a foothold in the lungs, a critical early step in invasion is transversal of the respiratory epithelium. In this review, we summarize current knowledge relating to pulmonary escape. We focus on fungal factors that allow C. neoformans to disseminate from the lungs via intracellular and extracellular routes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof4010025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,20]],"date-time":"2018-02-20T03:54:22Z","timestamp":1519098862000},"page":"25","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Mechanisms of Pulmonary Escape and Dissemination by Cryptococcus neoformans"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3982-3835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven","family":"Denham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, 15 N Medical Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3255-1486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, 15 N Medical Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12814","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0811003106","article-title":"High diversity of fungi in air particulate matter","volume":"106","author":"Pickersgill","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. 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