{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T23:47:43Z","timestamp":1788652063160,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,19]],"date-time":"2018-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1521417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fungal infections (mycoses) are likely to occur more frequently as ever-increasingly sophisticated healthcare systems create greater risk factors. There is a paucity of systematic data on the incidence and prevalence of human fungal infections in Malaysia. We conducted a comprehensive study to estimate the burden of serious fungal infections in Malaysia. Our study showed that recurrent vaginal candidiasis (&gt;4 episodes\/year) was the most common of all cases with a diagnosis of candidiasis (n = 501,138). Oesophageal candidiasis (n = 5850) was most predominant among individuals with HIV infection. Candidemia incidence (n = 1533) was estimated in hospitalized individuals, some receiving treatment for cancer (n = 1073), and was detected also in individuals admitted to intensive care units (ICU) (n = 460). In adults with asthma, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) was the second most common respiratory mycoses noticed (n = 30,062) along with severe asthma with fungal sensitization (n = 39,628). Invasive aspergillosis was estimated in 184 cases undergoing anti-cancer treatment and 834 ICU cases. Cryptococcal meningitis was diagnosed in 700 subjects with HIV\/AIDS and Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonitis (PCP) in 1286 subjects with underlying HIV disease. The present study indicates that at least 590,214 of the Malaysian population (1.93%) is affected by a serious fungal infection annually. This problem is serious enough to warrant the further epidemiological studies to estimate the burden of human fungal infections in Malaysia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof4010038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,20]],"date-time":"2018-03-20T06:57:11Z","timestamp":1521529031000},"page":"38","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Estimation of the Burden of Serious Human Fungal Infections in Malaysia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Rukumani","family":"Velayuthan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chandramathi","family":"Samudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harvinder","family":"Lakhbeer Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kee","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7866-9818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esaki","family":"Shankar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, School of Basic & Applied Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu (CUTN), Thiruvarur 610 101, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5626-2251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Denning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester and Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"},{"name":"The National Aspergillosis Centre, Education and Research Centre, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester M23 9LT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12382","article-title":"Estimating the burden of fungal disease in Vietnam","volume":"58","author":"Beardsley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1111160","article-title":"Adult-Onset immunodeficiency in Thailand and Taiwan","volume":"367","author":"Browne","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. 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