{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T23:12:25Z","timestamp":1791846745676,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,9]],"date-time":"2018-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1525824000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nodular lymphangitis, also known as sporotrichoid lymphocutaneous infections, is characterized by suppurative inflammatory nodules along the lymphatic vessels. This manifestation is classic of sporotrichosis, however, other infections such as nocardiosis, atypical mycobacteriosis, leishmaniasis, among others, can also express this clinical pattern. Sporotrichosis, which often occurs in gardeners, remains the most recognized cause of nodular lymphangitis. The histopathological studies, as well as the culture are diagnostic standards of lesions that do not respond to empirical treatment. In this article, we will review the main causes of nodular lymphangitis or lymphocutaneous sporotrichoid infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof4020056","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,10]],"date-time":"2018-05-10T03:48:27Z","timestamp":1525924107000},"page":"56","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Nodular Lymphangitis (Sporotrichoid Lymphocutaneous Infections). Clues to Differential Diagnosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Andr\u00e9s","family":"Tirado-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Service & Mycology Department, Hospital General de Mexico, \u201cDr. Eduardo Liceaga\u201d, Balmis 148, Colonia Doctores, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 06726, Mexico"},{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, Hospital General de Zona 29, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de Mexico 07950, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2045-3317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandro","family":"Bonifaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Service & Mycology Department, Hospital General de Mexico, \u201cDr. Eduardo Liceaga\u201d, Balmis 148, Colonia Doctores, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 06726, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"4","article-title":"Primary cutaneous infections due to Staphylococcus and Streptococcus","volume":"98","year":"2007","journal-title":"Actas Dermosifiliogr."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"142","article-title":"Nodular lymphangitis: Clinical features, differential diagnosis and management","volume":"14","author":"Heller","year":"1994","journal-title":"Curr. Clin. Top. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-118-11-199306010-00009","article-title":"Nodular lymphangitis: A distinctive but often unrecognized syndrome","volume":"118","author":"Kostman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5070\/D342F9H4SK","article-title":"Nodular lymphangitis: Report of a case with presentation of a diagnostic paradigm","volume":"16","author":"Giordano","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dermatol. Online J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2018.1447171","article-title":"Mycobacterium marinum infection in fish and man: Epidemiology, pathophysiology and management: A review","volume":"38","author":"Hashish","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Q."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.4103\/0377-4929.42553","article-title":"Sporotrichoid pattern of cutaneous nocardiasis due to Nocardia asteroids","volume":"51","author":"Baradkar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Indian J. Pathol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e33","DOI":"10.1590\/s1678-9946201759033","article-title":"Sporotrichoid leishmaniasis: A cross-sectional clinical, epidemiological and laboratory study in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil","volume":"59","author":"Carvalho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00355-2","article-title":"Tularaemia: Clinical aspects in Europe","volume":"16","author":"Maurin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"813","article-title":"An anthrax epidemic in Switzerland. Clinical, diagnostic and epidemiological aspects of a mostly forgotten disease","volume":"121","author":"Pfisterer","year":"1991","journal-title":"Schweiz. Med. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.12343","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus sporotrichoid lymphangitis without bacteremia in a transplant recipient","volume":"17","author":"Rotemberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transpl. Inf. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-199901000-00004","article-title":"Lymphocutaneous syndrome. A review of non-sporothrix causes","volume":"78","author":"Smego","year":"1999","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-008-0065-0","article-title":"Nodular lymphangitis: A distinctive clinical entity with finite etiologies","volume":"10","author":"DiNubile","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Infect. Dis. Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"326","article-title":"Sporotrichoid lymphocutaneous infections: Etiology, diagnosis and therapy","volume":"63","author":"Tobin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Phys."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00007-11","article-title":"Sporothrixschenckii and Sporotrichosis","volume":"24","author":"Barros","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2003.223.1123","article-title":"Sporotrichosis","volume":"223","author":"Welsh","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"428","article-title":"Intradermal test with sporotrichin in a community in the Sierra Norte de Puebla","volume":"57","author":"Bonifaz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dermatol. Rev. Mex."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonifaz, A., and Tirado-S\u00e1nchez, A. (2017). Cutaneous Disseminated and Extracutaneous Sporotrichosis: Current Status of a Complex Disease. J. Fungi, 3.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof3010006"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"659","article-title":"Sporotrichosis: An update","volume":"145","author":"Bonifaz","year":"2010","journal-title":"G. Ital. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e77","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.14533","article-title":"Cutaneous disseminated sporotrichosis: Clinical experience of 24 cases","volume":"32","author":"Bonifaz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1097\/DAD.0b013e3181f5b622","article-title":"Sporotrichosis: Clinical and histopathological manifestations","volume":"33","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Dermatopathol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1590\/abd1806-4841.2017279","article-title":"Sporotrichosis: An update on epidemiology, etiopathogenesis, laboratory and clinical therapeutics","volume":"92","author":"Macedo","year":"2017","journal-title":"An. Bras. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fichman, V., Valle, A.C.F.D., De Macedo, P.M., Freitas, D.F.S., Oliveira, M.M.E., Almeida-Paes, R., and Gutierrez-Galhardo, M.C. (2018). Cryosurgery for the treatment of cutaneous sporotrichosis in four pregnant women. PLOS Negl. Trop. Dis., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006434"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myw006","article-title":"Sporothrixschenckii complex in Iran: Molecular identification and antifungal susceptibility","volume":"54","author":"Mahmoudi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"150","article-title":"Granuloma de las peceras (piscinas). Comunicaci\u00f3n de trescasos","volume":"53","author":"Tirado","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dermatol. Rev. Mex."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.5578\/mb.10639","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibilities of clinical Nocardia isolates identified by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis","volume":"50","author":"Uner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mikrobiyol. Bul."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"385","article-title":"Nodular lymphangitis caused by Nocardiaasteroides","volume":"18","author":"Comellas","year":"2000","journal-title":"Enferm. Infecc. Microbiol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonifaz, A., Tirado-S\u00e1nchez, A., Calder\u00f3n, L., Sa\u00fal, A., Araiza, J., Hern\u00e1ndez, M., Gonz\u00e1lez, G.M., and Ponce, R.M. (2014). Mycetoma: Experience of 482 cases in a single center in Mexico. PLOS Negl. Trop. Dis., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003102"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"586","article-title":"Updateontheepidemiology of mycetoma in Mexico. A review of 3933 cases","volume":"149","author":"Bonifaz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gac. Med. Mex."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e39","DOI":"10.1111\/ajd.12119","article-title":"Scedosporiumapiospermum: An unreported cause of fungal sporotrichoid-like lymphocutaneous infection in Australia and review of the literature","volume":"56","author":"Boyce","year":"2015","journal-title":"Australas. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2009.02802.x","article-title":"Australian Scedosporium Study Group. Population-based surveillance for scedosporiosis in Australia: Epidemiology, disease manifestations and emergence of Scedosporiumaurantiacum infection","volume":"15","author":"Heath","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1590\/s1518-8787.2017051006614","article-title":"Epidemiological surveillance of tegumentaryleishmaniasis: Local territorial analysis","volume":"51","author":"Soares","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Saude Publica"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5854","DOI":"10.19082\/5854","article-title":"An overview of skin lesions adapted to Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Persian Medicine","volume":"9","author":"Maleki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Electron. Phys."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"CD005067","article-title":"Interventions for Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"11","author":"Pinart","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stidham, R.A., Freeman, D.B., von Tersch, R.L., Sullivan, P.J., and Tostenson, S.D. (2018). Epidemiological Review of FrancisellaTularensis: A Case Study in the Complications of Dual Diagnoses. PLoS Curr., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/currents.outbreaks.8eb0b55f377abc2d250314bbb8fc9d6d"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20877","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES2014.19.32.20877","article-title":"Injectional anthrax\u2014New presentation of an old disease","volume":"19","author":"Berger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Euro Surveill."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.2174\/1574891X10666150408162354","article-title":"Human anthrax as a re-emerging disease","volume":"10","author":"Doganay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Recent Pat. Antiinfect. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Head, B.M., Rubinstein, E., and Meyers, A.F. (2016). Alternative pre-approved and novel therapies for the treatment of anthrax. BMC Infect. Dis., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-1951-y"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.3109\/13693780903471073","article-title":"Rhinocladiellaaquaspersa, proven agent of verrucous skin infection and a novel type ofchromoblastomycosis","volume":"48","author":"Badali","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Fungi"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2309-608X\/4\/2\/56\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:03:59Z","timestamp":1760195039000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2309-608X\/4\/2\/56"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,9]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]}},"alternative-id":["jof4020056"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jof4020056","relation":{},"ISSN":["2309-608X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2309-608X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,9]]}}}