{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T13:28:34Z","timestamp":1790602114829,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,12]],"date-time":"2018-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1534032000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ecological determinants of sporotrichosis etiological agents remain poorly understood. For this reason, we performed explorations using local climate estimates to determine the temperature and humidity ranges of the environment where clinically relevant Sporothrix species occur and to identify what plant species are associated with them, using data collected from the published literature. We performed a literature search to identify all publications on environmental isolations of medically relevant species of Sporothrix in the PubMed, SCOPUS, and EMBASE databases. All those studies were included in the analysis where medically relevant species of Sporothrix have been isolated from soil samples, and described a specific geographical location that could be precisely georeferenced. We approximated temperature and humidity from local climate estimates, integrating geospatial data, temperature, and water vapor pressure from regions or provinces where medically relevant species of Sporothrix have been isolated from soil. Sporothrix spp. were more commonly isolated from soil of different regions or provinces of 16 countries. Most environmental isolates were identified as S. schenckii, whereas S. pallida, S. brasiliensis, S. globosa, and S. mexicana were rare. We estimate that medically relevant Sporothrix spp. grow in the soil at temperatures of 6.6 \u00b0C to 28.84 \u00b0C and 37.5% to 99.06% relative humidity. These findings indicate that sporotrichosis etiological agents grow in soil in ecological niches from soil with wide ranges of temperature and humidity, but they are also associated with a variety of plants, flowers, woody debris, reed leaves, corn stalks, leaves, and wood crumbs, potentially facilitating its establishment and proliferation in the environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof4030095","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,13]],"date-time":"2018-08-13T11:27:13Z","timestamp":1534159633000},"page":"95","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Ecological Determinants of Sporotrichosis Etiological Agents"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0471-6746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Max C.","family":"Ram\u00edrez-Soto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15102, Peru"},{"name":"Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Cient\u00edfico y Tecnol\u00f3gico y de Innovaci\u00f3n Tecnol\u00f3gica (FONDECYT), Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia e Innovacion Tecnologica, Lima 18, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elsa G.","family":"Aguilar-Ancori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco (UNSAAC), Cusco 08003, Peru"},{"name":"Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Biomedicina del Cusco\u2013UNSAAC, Cusco 08003, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9s","family":"Tirado-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Service &amp; Mycology Department, Hospital General de M\u00e9xico, \u201cDr. Eduardo Liceaga\u201d, Balmis 148, Colonia Doctores, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 06726, Mexico"},{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, Hospital General de Zona 29, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 07950, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2045-3317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandro","family":"Bonifaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Service &amp; Mycology Department, Hospital General de M\u00e9xico, \u201cDr. Eduardo Liceaga\u201d, Balmis 148, Colonia Doctores, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 06726, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.3109\/13693786.2010.539631","article-title":"Mycoses of implantation in Latin America: An overview of epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment","volume":"49","author":"Nucci","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00007-11","article-title":"Sporothrix schenckii and Sporotrichosis","volume":"24","author":"Barros","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myu062","article-title":"Global epidemiology of sporotrichosis","volume":"53","author":"Chakrabarti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2352","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.081794-0","article-title":"Sporothrix schenckii complex biology: Environment and fungal pathogenicity","volume":"160","author":"Portuondo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"191","article-title":"Sporothrix schenckii: Cultures in different soils","volume":"35","author":"Noriega","year":"1993","journal-title":"Rev. Latinoam. Micol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myx103","article-title":"Sporotrichosis between 1898 and 2017: The evolution of knowledge on a changeable disease and on emerging etiological agents","volume":"56","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3198","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00808-07","article-title":"Sporothrix brasiliensis, S. globosa, and S. mexicana, Three New Sporothrix Species of Clinical Interest","volume":"45","author":"Marimon","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"b2700","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b2700","article-title":"The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate healthcare interventions: Explanation and elaboration","volume":"339","author":"Liberati","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samy, A.M., van de Sande, W.W.J., Fahal, A.H., and Peterson, A.T. (2014). Mapping the potential risk of mycetoma infection in Sudan and South Sudan using ecological niche modeling. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003250"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Oyj, V. (2013). Humidity Conversion Formulas\u2014Calculation Formulas for Humidity, Vaisala."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12760","article-title":"Molecular identification and susceptibility profile of Sporothrix schenckii sensu lato isolated in Argentina","volume":"61","author":"Isla","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-010-9274-9","article-title":"Ribosomal DNA Sequencing and Phylogenetic Analysis of Environmental Sporothrix schenckii Strains: Comparison with Clinical Isolates","volume":"169","author":"Criseo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"199","article-title":"Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto isolated from Soil in an Armadillo\u2019s Burrow","volume":"177","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02058729","article-title":"Human pathogenic fungi recovered from Brazil soil","volume":"22","author":"Rogers","year":"1964","journal-title":"Mycopathol. Mycol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.4067\/S0716-10182012000400006","article-title":"Sporothrix globosa isolation related to a case of lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis","volume":"29","author":"Cruz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. Chil. Infectol."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"311","article-title":"Isolation of Sporothrix pallida complex in clinical and environmental samples from Chile","volume":"46","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Argent. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.funbio.2015.05.006","article-title":"Sporothrix chilensis sp. nov. (Ascomycota: Ophiostomatales), a soil-borne agent of human sporotrichosis with mild-pathogenic potential to mammals","volume":"120","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fungal Biol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.3314\/jjmm.43.257","article-title":"Environmental isolates of Sporothrix schenckii in China","volume":"43","author":"Ishizaki","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nihon Ishinkin Gakkai Zasshi"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0507.2007.01411.x","article-title":"Isolation of Sporothrix schenckii from the environmental sources of cutaneous sporotrichosis patients in Himachal Pradesh, India: Results of a pilot study","volume":"50","author":"Mehta","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1080\/00362177685190301","article-title":"Isolation of Sporothrix schenckii in the soil in Israel in relation to a new case in man","volume":"14","author":"Feuerman","year":"1976","journal-title":"Sabouraudia"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"38","article-title":"Sporotrichosis epidemiology in Huauchinango, Puebla","volume":"27","author":"Romo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Enferm. Infecc. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"507","article-title":"Aislamiento y caracterizaci\u00f3n de cepas silvestres de Sporotrhix schenkii e investigaci\u00f3n de reactores a la Esporototicina","volume":"140","author":"Araiza","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gac. Med. Mex."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.28940\/terra.v35i2.139","article-title":"Presence in soil and plants of potential agents causing human subcutaneous infections in the state of Puebla, Mexico","volume":"35","year":"2017","journal-title":"Terra Latinoam."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"25","article-title":"Isolation of Sporothrix schenckii in nature (soil and plants)","volume":"99","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Cutanea Iber. Lat. Am."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.riam.2009.02.005","article-title":"Sporothrix globosa, a pathogenic fungus with widespread geographical distribution","volume":"26","author":"Madrid","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev. Iberoam. Micol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00436670","article-title":"Studies in sporotrichosis: Fungal morphogenesis and pathogenicity in differing environments","volume":"96","author":"Findlay","year":"1986","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Govender, N.P., Maphanga, T.G., Zulu, T.G., Patel, J., Walaza, S., Jacobs, C., Ebonwu, J.I., Ntuli, S., Naicker, S.D., and Thomas, J. (2015). An Outbreak of Lymphocutaneous Sporotrichosis among Mine-Workers in South Africa. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004096"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.3852\/07-157R","article-title":"Taxonomy and phylogeny of new wood- and soil-inhabiting Sporothrix species in the Ophiostoma stenoceras-Sporothrix schenckii complex","volume":"100","author":"Summerbell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mycologia"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.2307\/4593911","article-title":"Sporothrix (Sporotrichum) schenckii in a Nursery Barn Containing Sphagnum","volume":"85","author":"McDonough","year":"1970","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116521","article-title":"A Multistate Outbreak of Sporotrichosis associated with Sphagnum Moss","volume":"136","author":"Coles","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00436641","article-title":"Isolation of Sporothrix schenckii from potting soil","volume":"87","author":"Kenyon","year":"1984","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1080\/00362177085190071","article-title":"Isolation of Sporothrix schenckii from nature and considerations on its pathogenicity and ecology","volume":"7","author":"Mackinnon","year":"1969","journal-title":"Sabouraudia"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/S1130-1406(07)70064-5","article-title":"[Isolation of Sporothrix schenckii from environmental samples in Venezuela]","volume":"24","author":"Mendoza","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rev. Iberoam. Micol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodrigues, A.M., de Hoog, G.S., and de Camargo, Z.P. (2016). Sporothrix Species Causing Outbreaks in Animals and Humans Driven by Animal\u2013Animal Transmission. PLoS Pathog., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005638"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.3852\/09-320","article-title":"Sporothrix brunneoviolacea and Sporothrix dimorphospora, two new members of the Ophiostoma stenoceras-Sporothrix schenckii complex","volume":"102","author":"Madrid","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mycologia"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"203","article-title":"Ecological and epidemiological relationships between Sporothrix schenckii, a fungus pathogenic for man and the Ceratocystis genus","volume":"71","author":"Mariat","year":"1978","journal-title":"Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. Fil."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.30.4.1000-1004.1992","article-title":"Viability of fungal cultures maintained at \u221270 degrees C","volume":"30","author":"Pasarell","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"15","article-title":"The multiplication dynamics of pathogenic bacteria in relation to the trophic and temperature cultivation conditions","volume":"2","author":"Buzoleva","year":"2000","journal-title":"Zhurnal Mikrobiol. Epidemiol. Immunobiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1080\/02681219880000141","article-title":"UV irradiation induced high frequency of colonial variants with altered morphology in Sporothrix schenckii","volume":"36","year":"1998","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-011-9395-9","article-title":"Gamma radiation effects on Sporothrix schenckii yeast cells","volume":"171","author":"Lacerda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-5274(03)00082-1","article-title":"\u2018Ready made\u2019 virulence and \u2018dual use\u2019 virulence factors in pathogenic environmental fungi\u2014The Cryptococcus neoformans paradigm","volume":"6","author":"Casadevall","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3864","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.60.10.3864-3866.1994","article-title":"Decreased susceptibility of melanized Cryptococcus neoformans to UV light","volume":"60","author":"Wang","year":"1994","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3004","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.62.7.3004-3007.1994","article-title":"Susceptibility of melanized and nonmelanized Cryptococcus neoformans to nitrogen- and oxygen-derived oxidants","volume":"62","author":"Wang","year":"1994","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1097(97)00239-5","article-title":"Melanization affects susceptibility of Cryptococcus neoformans to heat and cold","volume":"153","author":"Rosas","year":"1997","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010977107089","article-title":"Melanization decreases the susceptibility of Cryptococcus neoformans to enzymatic degradation","volume":"151","author":"Rosas","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-007-9061-4","article-title":"Melanin as a virulence factor of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and other dimorphic pathogenic fungi: A minireview","volume":"165","author":"Taborda","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almeida-Paes, R., Cardoso de Oliveira, L., Evangelista-Oliveira, M.M., Gutierrez-Galhardo, M.C., Nosanchuk, J.D., and Zancop\u00e9-Oliveira, R.M. (2015). Phenotypic characteristics associated with virulence of clinical isolates from the Sporothrix complex. BioMed Res. Int., 212308.","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/212308"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3478","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.6.3478-3488.2004","article-title":"Interaction of Blastomyces dermatitidis, Sporothrix schenckii, and Histoplasma capsulatum with Acanthamoeba castellanii","volume":"72","author":"Steenbergen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"125","article-title":"Melanin pigments of fungi under extreme environmental conditions (review)","volume":"50","author":"Gessler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prikl. Biokhimiia Mikrobiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.3122\/jabfm.2012.05.110226","article-title":"Soil-related bacterial and fungal infections","volume":"25","author":"Baumgardner","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Board Fam. Med."}],"container-title":["Journal of Fungi"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2309-608X\/4\/3\/95\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:18:18Z","timestamp":1760195898000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2309-608X\/4\/3\/95"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,12]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]}},"alternative-id":["jof4030095"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jof4030095","relation":{},"ISSN":["2309-608X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2309-608X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,12]]}}}