{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T20:23:17Z","timestamp":1793046197188,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,17]],"date-time":"2019-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1560729600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Disseminated histoplasmosis is a major opportunistic infection of HIV-infected patients, killing thousands in Latin America each year. Yet, it remains a neglected disease that is often confused with tuberculosis, for lack of simple, affordable, and rapid diagnostic tools. There is great heterogeneity in the level of histoplasmosis awareness. The purpose of this report was to describe how the historical \u201cawakening\u201d to the threat of histoplasmosis came to be in four different centers that have actively described this disease: In Brazil, the Sao Jos\u00e9 hospital in Fortaleza; in Colombia, the Corporaci\u00f3n para Investigaciones Biol\u00f3gicas in Medellin; in French Guiana, Cayenne Hospital; and in Guatemala, the Association de Salud Integral in Guatemala city. In Brazil and French Guiana, the search for leishmaniasis on the buffy coat or skin smears, respectively, led to the rapid realization that HIV patients were suffering from disseminated histoplasmosis. With time and progress in fungal culture, the magnitude of this problem turned it into a local priority. In Colombia and Guatemala, the story is different because for these mycology centers, it was no surprise to find histoplasmosis in HIV patients. In addition, collaborations with the CDC to evaluate antigen-detection tests resulted in researchers and clinicians developing the capacity to rapidly screen most patients and to demonstrate the very high burden of disease in these countries. While the lack of awareness is still a major problem, it is instructive to review the ways through which different centers became histoplasmosis-aware. Nevertheless, as new rapid diagnostic tools are becoming available, their implementation throughout Latin America should rapidly raise the level of awareness in order to reduce the burden of histoplasmosis deaths.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof5020051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,17]],"date-time":"2019-06-17T11:24:45Z","timestamp":1560770685000},"page":"51","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["The Fight against HIV-Associated Disseminated Histoplasmosis in the Americas: Unfolding the Different Stories of Four Centers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9397-3204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mathieu","family":"Nacher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre d\u2019Investigation Clinique Antilles Guyane, Inserm CIC1424, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, French Guiana"},{"name":"EA3593 Ecosyst\u00e8mes Amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale (EPaT), Universit\u00e9 de Guyane, DFR Sant\u00e9, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3301-3057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Terezinha Silva","family":"Leitao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Doen\u00e7as Infecciosas, Universidade Federal do Cear\u00e1, Fortaleza, 60020-181 Cear\u00e1, Brasil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6641-1924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatriz L.","family":"G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Studies in Translational Microbiology and Emerging Diseases (MICROS) Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, 110111 Bogota, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4213-2867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierre","family":"Couppi\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EA3593 Ecosyst\u00e8mes Amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale (EPaT), Universit\u00e9 de Guyane, DFR Sant\u00e9, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana"},{"name":"Service de Dermatologie V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9ologie, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4000-4981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antoine","family":"Adenis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre d'Investigation Clinique Epid\u00e9miologie Clinique Antilles Guyane CIC INSERM 1424, Cayenne General Hospital, Cayenne, French Guiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1425-5912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisandra","family":"Damasceno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Doen\u00e7as Infecciosas, Universidade Federal do Cear\u00e1, Fortaleza, 60020-181 Cear\u00e1, Brasil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magalie","family":"Demar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EA3593 Ecosyst\u00e8mes Amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale (EPaT), Universit\u00e9 de Guyane, DFR Sant\u00e9, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana"},{"name":"Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Blanca","family":"Samayoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Asociaci\u00f3n de Salud Integral &amp; Hospital General San Juan de Dios, 01001 Guatemala City, Guatemala, <email>blanca.samayoa@gmail.com<\/email>"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8749-9809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego H.","family":"C\u00e1ceres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Studies in Translational Microbiology and Emerging Diseases (MICROS) Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, 110111 Bogota, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger","family":"Pradinaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de Dermatologie V\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9ologie, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anastacio de Queiroz","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Doen\u00e7as Infecciosas, Universidade Federal do Cear\u00e1, Fortaleza, 60020-181 Cear\u00e1, Brasil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Arathoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"La Clinica Familiar de Luis Angel Garcia, 01001 Guatemala City, Guatemala"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Restrepo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Corporacion para Investigaciones Biologicas, Hospital Pablo Tobon Uribe, 11001 Medellin, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nacher, M., Adenis, A., Mc Donald, S., Do Socorro Mendonca Gomes, M., Singh, S., Lopes Lima, I., Malcher Leite, R., Hermelijn, S., Wongsokarijo, M., and Van Eer, M. 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