{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T22:47:44Z","timestamp":1781736464382,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,11]],"date-time":"2019-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1570752000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006012","name":"Christian Doppler Forschungsgesellschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["For fungal Infections"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["For fungal Infections"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006012","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mucormycosis infections are infrequent yet aggressive and serious fungal infections. Early diagnosis of mucormycosis and its discrimination from other fungal infections is required for targeted treatment and more favorable patient outcomes. The majority of the molecular assays use 18 S rDNA. In the current study, we aimed to explore the potential of the mitochondrial rnl (encoding for large-subunit-ribosomal-RNA) gene as a novel molecular marker suitable for research and diagnostics. Rnl was evaluated as a marker for: (1) the Mucorales family, (2) species identification (Rhizopus arrhizus, R. microsporus, Mucor circinelloides, and Lichtheimia species complexes), (3) growth stage, and (4) quantification. Sensitivity, specificity, discriminatory power, the limit of detection (LoD), and cross-reactivity were evaluated. Assays were tested using pure cultures, spiked clinical samples, murine organs, and human paraffin-embedded-tissue (FFPE) samples. Mitochondrial markers were found to be superior to nuclear markers for degraded samples. Rnl outperformed the UMD universal\u00ae (Molyzm) marker in FFPE (71.5% positive samples versus 50%). Spiked blood samples highlighted the potential of rnl as a pan-Mucorales screening test. Fungal burden was reproducibly quantified in murine organs using standard curves. Identification of pure cultures gave a perfect (100%) correlation with the detected internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence. In conclusion, mitochondrial genes, such as rnl, provide an alternative to the nuclear 18 S rDNA genes and deserve further evaluation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof5040098","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,11]],"date-time":"2019-10-11T10:53:03Z","timestamp":1570791183000},"page":"98","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Evaluation of a Novel Mitochondrial Pan-Mucorales Marker for the Detection, Identification, Quantification, and Growth Stage Determination of Mucormycetes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Rita","family":"Caramalho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Sch\u00f6pfstra\u00dfe 41, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Madl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Sch\u00f6pfstra\u00dfe 41, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4170-558X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katharina","family":"Rosam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Sch\u00f6pfstra\u00dfe 41, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G\u00fcnter","family":"Rambach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Sch\u00f6pfstra\u00dfe 41, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cornelia","family":"Speth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Sch\u00f6pfstra\u00dfe 41, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Pallua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology, Neuropathology and Molecular Pathology, Medical University of Innsbruck, M\u00fcllerstra\u00dfe 44, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Larentis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Sch\u00f6pfstra\u00dfe 41, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7382-4834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Araujo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3 S, Instituto de Investigacao e Inovacao da Universidade do Porto, R. Alfredo Allen, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, Flinders University, Sturt Rd, Bedford Park SA 5042, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8651-4405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Alastruey-Izquierdo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mycology Reference Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology. Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2946-7785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cornelia","family":"Lass-Fl\u00f6rl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Sch\u00f6pfstra\u00dfe 41, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9073-2886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michaela","family":"Lackner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Sch\u00f6pfstra\u00dfe 41, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycres.2007.03.004","article-title":"A higher-level phylogenetic classification of the fungi","volume":"111","author":"Hibbett","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mycol. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1080\/10428190310001653691","article-title":"Improved outcome of zygomycosis in patients with hematological diseases?","volume":"45","author":"Gleissner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Leuk. Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S79","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir886","article-title":"Future directions in mucormycosis research","volume":"54","author":"Kontoyiannis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1997","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200464180-00001","article-title":"Newer systemic antifungal agents","volume":"64","author":"Boucher","year":"2004","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Millon, L., Scherer, E., Rocchi, S., and Bellanger, A.-P. (2019). Molecular strategies to diagnose mucormycosis. J. Fungi, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof5010024"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2009.02983.x","article-title":"Molecular tools for identification of zygomycetes and the diagnosis of zygomycosis","volume":"15","author":"Dannaoui","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ii2","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkz036","article-title":"An introduction to current standards of care in invasive fungal disease","volume":"74","author":"Richardson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000523","article-title":"Biomarkers of fungal lung infection","volume":"32","author":"Paiva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Normand, A.-C., Cassagne, C., Gautier, M., Becker, P., Ranque, S., Hendrickx, M., and Piarroux, R. (2017). Decision criteria for maldi-tof ms-based identification of filamentous fungi using commercial and in-house reference databases. BMC Microbiol., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-017-0937-2"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2786","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01655-16","article-title":"Application of mass spectrometry technology to early diagnosis of invasive fungal infections","volume":"54","author":"Mery","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2353","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02331-07","article-title":"Real-time pcr method for detection of zygomycetes","volume":"46","author":"Hata","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00746-18","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00746-18","article-title":"Pcr-based approach targeting Mucorales-specific gene family for diagnosis of mucormycosis","volume":"56","author":"Baldin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI71349","article-title":"Coth3 mediates fungal invasion of host cells during mucormycosis","volume":"124","author":"Gebremariam","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.44.2.340-349.2006","article-title":"Molecular identification of zygomycetes from culture and experimentally infected tissues","volume":"44","author":"Schwarz","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Merheb, M., Matar, R., Hodeify, R., Siddiqui, S.S., Vazhappilly, C.G., Marton, J., Azharuddin, S., and AL Zouabi, H. (2019). Mitochondrial DNA, a powerful tool to decipher ancient human civilization from domestication to music, and to uncover historical murder cases. Cells, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8050433"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shokolenko, I., LeDoux, S., Wilson, G., and Alexeyev, M. (2011). Mitochondrial DNA damage, repair, degradation and experimental approaches to studying these phenomena. DNA Repair-on the Pathways to Fixing DNA Damage and Errors, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/24361"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.14.23","article-title":"Laboratory diagnosis of mucormycosis: Current status and future perspectives","volume":"9","author":"Lackner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3663","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00004-15","article-title":"Etest cannot be recommended for in vitro susceptibility testing of Mucorales","volume":"59","author":"Caramalho","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1985.tb08671.x","article-title":"Strain-dependent variation in ribosomal DNA arrangement in absidia glauca","volume":"146","year":"1985","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"White, T.J., Bruns, T., Lee, S., and Taylor, J. (1990). Pcr Protocols Amplification and Direct Sequencing of Fungal Ribosomal Rna Genes for Phylogenetics, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-372180-8.50042-1"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6115","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/20.22.6115","article-title":"A simple and efficient protocol for isolation of high molecular weight DNA from filamentous fungi, fruit bodies, and infected plant tissues","volume":"20","author":"Bahnweg","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Caramalho, R. (2017). Mucorales Identification and Detection of Azole Resistance. [Ph.D. Thesis, Medical University Innsbruck]."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prakash, H., and Chakrabarti, A. (2019). Global epidemiology of mucormycosis. J. Fungi, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof5010026"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gki199","article-title":"Comparative mitochondrial genomics in zygomycetes: Bacteria-like rnase p rnas, mobile elements and a close source of the group i intron invasion in angiosperms","volume":"33","author":"Seif","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00644-14","DOI":"10.1128\/genomeA.00644-14","article-title":"Complete mitochondrial genome sequence of lichtheimia ramosa (syn. Lichtheimia hongkongensis)","volume":"2","author":"Leung","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genome Announc."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Serris, A., Danion, F., and Lanternier, F. (2019). Disease entities in mucormycosis. J. Fungi, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof5010023"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S138","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myy116","article-title":"Contrasts between mucormycosis and aspergillosis in oncohematological patients","volume":"57","author":"Klimko","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.07.005","article-title":"Antifungal susceptibilities of non-aspergillus filamentous fungi causing invasive infection in australia: Support for current antifungal guideline recommendations","volume":"48","author":"Halliday","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2012.06805.x","article-title":"Invasive aspergillosis in the intensive care unit","volume":"1272","author":"Dimopoulos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12371","article-title":"Escmid\u2020 and ecmm\u2021 joint clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and management of mucormycosis 2013","volume":"20","author":"Cornely","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lackner, M., and Lass-Fl\u00f6rl, C. (2017). Commercial molecular tests for fungal diagnosis from a practical point of view. Human Fungal Pathogen Identification, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-6515-1_4"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12203","article-title":"Our 2014 approach to mucormycosis","volume":"57","author":"Tacke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.funbio.2015.04.007","article-title":"DNA barcoding of fungi causing infections in humans and animals","volume":"120","author":"Irinyi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fungal Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2012.03976.x","article-title":"Development of a single tube multiplex real-time pcr to detect the most clinically relevant mucormycetes species","volume":"19","author":"Buitrago","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2043","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02319-09","article-title":"Molecular detection and identification of zygomycetes species from paraffin-embedded tissues in a murine model of disseminated zygomycosis: A collaborative european society of clinical microbiology and infectious diseases (escmid) fungal infection study group (efisg) evaluation","volume":"48","author":"Dannaoui","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3392","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01109-10","article-title":"Rapid detection and identification of mucormycetes from culture and tissue samples by use of high-resolution melt analysis","volume":"48","author":"Hrncirova","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3760","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.8.3760-3768.2005","article-title":"Identification of medically important molds by an oligonucleotide array","volume":"43","author":"Hsiao","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2824","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00637-14","article-title":"Rapid detection and identification of mucormycetes in bronchoalveolar lavage samples from immunocompromised patients with pulmonary infiltrates by use of high-resolution melt analysis","volume":"52","author":"Lengerova","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e95","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit094","article-title":"Quantitative polymerase chain reaction detection of circulating DNA in serum for early diagnosis of mucormycosis in immunocompromised patients","volume":"56","author":"Millon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2005.01.010","article-title":"Genetic identification and detection of human pathogenic rhizopus species, a major mucormycosis agent, by multiplex pcr based on internal transcribed spacer region of rrna gene","volume":"39","author":"Nagao","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.4137\/EBO.S653","article-title":"Intraspecific its variability in the kingdom fungi as expressed in the international sequence databases and its implications for molecular species identification","volume":"4","author":"Nilsson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Evol. Bioinform. Online"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01750-09","article-title":"Internal transcribed spacer region sequence heterogeneity in rhizopus microsporus: Implications for molecular diagnosis in clinical microbiology laboratories","volume":"48","author":"Woo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S15","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-10-S6-S15","article-title":"Towards barcode markers in fungi: An intron map of ascomycota mitochondria","volume":"10","author":"Santamaria","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Bioinform."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-0998.2009.02635.x","article-title":"Progress towards DNA barcoding of fungi","volume":"9","author":"SEIFERT","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol. Resour."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3862","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02094-08","article-title":"Molecular and phenotypic evaluation of lichtheimia corymbifera (formerly absidia corymbifera) complex isolates associated with human mucormycosis: Rehabilitation of L. Ramosa","volume":"47","author":"Hoinard","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3568","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03923-13","article-title":"High-resolution melt analysis for rapid comparison of bacterial community compositions","volume":"80","author":"Hansen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miller, M., Zorn, J., and Brielmeier, M. (2015). High-resolution melting curve analysis for identification of pasteurellaceae species in experimental animal facilities. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0142560"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15671","DOI":"10.1038\/srep15671","article-title":"Development of high resolution melting analysis for the diagnosis of human malaria","volume":"5","author":"Chua","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2010.10.003","article-title":"Rapid, simple, and low-cost identification of candida species using high-resolution melting analysis","volume":"69","author":"Arancia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12492","article-title":"Development of a high-resolution melting analysis assay for rapid and high-throughput identification of clinically important dermatophyte species","volume":"59","author":"Didehdar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duyvejonck, H., Cools, P., Decruyenaere, J., Roelens, K., Noens, L., Vermeulen, S., Claeys, G., Decat, E., Van Mechelen, E., and Vaneechoutte, M. (2015). Validation of high resolution melting analysis (hrm) of the amplified its2 region for the detection and identification of yeasts from clinical samples: Comparison with culture and maldi-tof based identification. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0139501"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3663","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01091-11","article-title":"High-resolution melting analysis for identification of the cryptococcus neoformans-cryptococcus gattii complex","volume":"49","author":"Gago","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nemcova, E., Cernochova, M., Ruzicka, F., Malisova, B., Freiberger, T., and Nemec, P. (2015). Rapid identification of medically important candida isolates using high resolution melting analysis. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0116940"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"680","article-title":"Application of pcr and high-resolution melting for rapid identification of yeasts routinely isolated in a clinical microbiology laboratory","volume":"45","author":"Guo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldschmidt, P., Degorge, S., Che Sarria, P., Benallaoua, D., Semoun, O., Borderie, V., Laroche, L., and Chaumeil, C. (2012). New strategy for rapid diagnosis and characterization of fungal infections: The example of corneal scrapings. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0037660"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2004.024703","article-title":"Pcr based identification and discrimination of agents of mucormycosis and aspergillosis in paraffin wax embedded tissue","volume":"58","author":"Bialek","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810-e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2015.12.006","article-title":"Early diagnosis and monitoring of mucormycosis by detection of circulating DNA in serum: Retrospective analysis of 44 cases collected through the french surveillance network of invasive fungal infections (ressif)","volume":"22","author":"Millon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1038\/s41409-018-0194-5","article-title":"Development of a quantitative pcr detecting cunninghamella bertholletiae to help in diagnosing this rare and aggressive mucormycosis","volume":"53","author":"Bellanger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.000375","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of a Mucorales-specific real-time pcr assay in tissue and serum samples","volume":"65","author":"Springer","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1042\/bse0470069","article-title":"Regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis","volume":"47","author":"Jornayvaz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Essays Biochem."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1185\/03007995.2012.761134","article-title":"Fungal diagnosis: How do we do it and can we do better?","volume":"29","author":"Perfect","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Res. Opin."}],"container-title":["Journal of Fungi"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2309-608X\/5\/4\/98\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:25:20Z","timestamp":1760189120000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2309-608X\/5\/4\/98"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,11]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["jof5040098"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jof5040098","relation":{},"ISSN":["2309-608X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2309-608X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,11]]}}}