{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T16:00:04Z","timestamp":1790179204390,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,27]],"date-time":"2020-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FC 2015-02-834"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FC 2015-02-834"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Red Tem\u00e1tica Glicociencia en Salud","award":["CONACYT-M\u00e9xico"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CONACYT-M\u00e9xico"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fungal infections are a serious and increasing threat for human health, and one of the most frequent etiological agents for systemic mycoses is Candida spp. The gold standard to assess Candida virulence is the mouse model of systemic candidiasis, a restrictive, expensive, and time-consuming approach; therefore, invertebrate models have been proposed as alternatives. Galleria mellonella larvae have several traits that make them good candidates to study the fungal virulence. Here, we showed that a reduction in circulating hemocytes, increased melanin production, phenoloxidase, and lactate dehydrogenase activities were observed at 12 and 24 h postinoculation of highly virulent Candidatropicalis strains, while minimal changes in these parameters were observed in low-virulent strains. Similarly, the most virulent species Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Candida auris, Candida parapsilosis, and Candida orthopsilosis have led to significant changes in those parameters; while the low virulent species Candida guilliermondii, Candida krusei, and Candida metapsilosis induced modest variations in these immunological and cytotoxicity parameters. Since changes in circulating hemocytes, melanin production, phenoloxidase and lactate dehydrogenase activities showed a correlation with the larval median survival rates at 12 and 24 h postinoculation, we proposed them as candidates for early virulence predictors in G. mellonella.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof6030152","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,27]],"date-time":"2020-08-27T08:05:18Z","timestamp":1598515518000},"page":"152","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Early Virulence Predictors during the Candida Species\u2013Galleria mellonella Interaction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Laura C.","family":"Garc\u00eda-Carnero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda, Divisi\u00f3n de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s\/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato Gto. 36050, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana M.","family":"Clavijo-Giraldo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda, Divisi\u00f3n de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s\/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato Gto. 36050, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuela","family":"G\u00f3mez-Gaviria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda, Divisi\u00f3n de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s\/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato Gto. 36050, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy E.","family":"Lozoya-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda, Divisi\u00f3n de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s\/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato Gto. 36050, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alma K.","family":"Tamez-Castrell\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda, Divisi\u00f3n de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s\/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato Gto. 36050, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luz A.","family":"L\u00f3pez-Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda, Divisi\u00f3n de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s\/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato Gto. 36050, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6973-0595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H\u00e9ctor M.","family":"Mora-Montes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda, Divisi\u00f3n de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s\/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato Gto. 36050, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown, G.D., Denning, D.W., Gow, N.A., Levitz, S.M., Netea, M.G., and White, T.C. (2012). Hidden killers: Human fungal infections. Sci. Transl. Med., 4.","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3004404"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fisher, M.C., Gurr, S.J., Cuomo, C.A., Blehert, D.S., Jin, H., Stukenbrock, E.H., Stajich, J.E., Kahmann, R., Boone, C., and Denning, D.W. (2020). Threats posed by the fungal kingdom to humans, wildlife, and agriculture. mBio, 11.","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00449-20"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Estrada-Mata, E., Navarro-Arias, M.J., P\u00e9rez-Garc\u00eda, L.A., Mellado-Mojica, E., L\u00f3pez, M.G., Csonka, K., G\u00e1cser, A., and Mora-Montes, H.M. (2016). 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