{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T06:06:27Z","timestamp":1778047587985,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,3]],"date-time":"2020-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601683200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["059\/2012PVE-CAPES"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["059\/2012PVE-CAPES"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chromoblastomycosis (CBM) is a neglected implantation mycosis prevalent in tropical climate zones, considered an occupational disease that affects impoverished rural populations. This retrospective study described clinical aspects of CBM in a hyperendemic area in Brazil and constructed a worldwide haplotype network of Fonsecaea spp. strains. The variables were collected from medical records using a standard report form, reporting 191 patients with CBM from Maranh\u00e3o, Brazil. The mean age was 56.1 years, 168 (88%) patients were male and predominantly farmers (85.8%). The mean time of evolution of the disease until diagnosis was 9.4 years. Lower limbs (81.2%) and upper limbs (14.2%) were the main sites affected. Most patients exhibited verrucous (55%) and infiltrative plaque (48.2%). Fonsecaea spp. were identified in 136 cases and a haplotype network constructed with ITS sequences of 185 global strains revealed a total of 59 haplotypes exhibiting high haplotypic and low nucleotide diversities. No correlation was observed between the different haplotypes of Fonsecaea species and dermatological patterns, severity of disease or geographic distribution inside Maranh\u00e3o. Data from this area contributed to better understanding the epidemiology of CBM. For the first time, a robust haplotype network with Fonsecaea strains reveals an evolutionary history with a recent population expansion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof6040204","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,3]],"date-time":"2020-10-03T07:22:16Z","timestamp":1601709736000},"page":"204","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Chromoblastomycosis in an Endemic Area of Brazil: A Clinical-Epidemiological Analysis and a Worldwide Haplotype Network"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Daniel Wagner C. L.","family":"Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Special Mycology Laboratory\u2014LEMI, Division of Infectious Diseases, Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, 04039-032 SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, 04024-002 SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vania Aparecida","family":"Vicente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology Post-Graduation Program, Department of Pathology, Federal University of Paran\u00e1, Curitiba, 81531-980 PR, Brazil"},{"name":"Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology Graduate Program, Federal University of Paran\u00e1, Curitiba, 81531-980 PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vinicius Almir","family":"Weiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology Post-Graduation Program, Department of Pathology, Federal University of Paran\u00e1, Curitiba, 81531-980 PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5344-257X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G. Sybren","family":"de Hoog","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology Post-Graduation Program, Department of Pathology, Federal University of Paran\u00e1, Curitiba, 81531-980 PR, Brazil"},{"name":"Center of Expertise in Mycology, Radboud University Medical Center\/CWZ, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Renata R.","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology Post-Graduation Program, Department of Pathology, Federal University of Paran\u00e1, Curitiba, 81531-980 PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edith M. M.","family":"Batista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Federal University of Maranh\u00e3o, S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds, 65080-040 MA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sirlei Garcia","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Federal University of Maranh\u00e3o, S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds, 65080-040 MA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7034-2418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fl\u00e1vio de","family":"Queiroz-Telles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology Post-Graduation Program, Department of Pathology, Federal University of Paran\u00e1, Curitiba, 81531-980 PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0793-8491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arnaldo Lopes","family":"Colombo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Special Mycology Laboratory\u2014LEMI, Division of Infectious Diseases, Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, 04039-032 SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, 04024-002 SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Concei\u00e7\u00e3o de Maria Pedrozo e Silva de","family":"Azevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Federal University of Maranh\u00e3o, S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds, 65080-040 MA, Brazil"},{"name":"Post-Graduation Program of Health Science, Federal University of Maranh\u00e3o, S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds, 65080-040 MA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00032-16","article-title":"Chromoblastomycosis","volume":"30","author":"Santos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. 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