{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T23:24:07Z","timestamp":1792020247785,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,5]],"date-time":"2020-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601856000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic recalcitrant dermatophytoses, due to Trichophyton (T.) mentagrophytes Type VIII are on the rise in India and are noteworthy for their predominance. It would not be wrong to assume that travel and migration would be responsible for the spread of T. mentagrophytes Type VIII from India, with many strains resistant to terbinafine, to other parts of the world. From September 2016 until March 2020, a total of 29 strains of T. mentagrophytes Type VIII (India) were isolated. All patients were residents of Germany: 12 females, 15 males and the gender of the remaining two was not assignable. Patients originated from India (11), Pakistan (two), Bangladesh (one), Iraq (two), Bahrain (one), Libya (one) and other unspecified countries (10). At least two patients were German-born residents. Most samples (21) were collected in 2019 and 2020. All 29 T. mentagrophytes isolates were sequenced (internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and translation elongation factor 1-\u03b1 gene (TEF1-\u03b1)). All were identified as genotype VIII (India) of T. mentagrophytes. In vitro resistance testing revealed 13\/29 strains (45%) to be terbinafine-resistant with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) breakpoints \u22650.2 \u00b5g\/mL. The remaining 16 strains (55%) were terbinafine-sensitive. Point mutation analysis revealed that 10\/13 resistant strains exhibited Phe397Leu amino acid substitution of squalene epoxidase (SQLE), indicative for in vitro resistance to terbinafine. Two resistant strains showed combined Phe397Leu and Ala448Thr amino acid substitutions, and one strain a single Leu393Phe amino acid substitution. Out of 16 terbinafine-sensitive strains, in eight Ala448Thr, and in one Ala448Thr +, new Val444 Ile amino acid substitutions were detected. Resistance to both itraconazole and voriconazole was observed in three out of 13 analyzed strains. Treatment included topical ciclopirox olamine plus topical miconazole or sertaconazole. Oral itraconazole 200 mg twice daily for four to eight weeks was found to be adequate. Terbinafine-resistant T. mentagrophytes Type VIII are being increasingly isolated. In Germany, transmission of T. mentagrophytes Type VIII from the Indian subcontinent to Europe should be viewed as a significant public health issue.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof6040207","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,5]],"date-time":"2020-10-05T08:35:57Z","timestamp":1601886957000},"page":"207","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":158,"title":["Spread of Terbinafine-Resistant Trichophyton mentagrophytes Type VIII (India) in Germany\u2013\u201cThe Tip of the Iceberg?\u201d"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Pietro","family":"Nenoff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Labor f\u00fcr Medizinische Mikrobiologie, 04571 R\u00f6tha OT M\u00f6lbis, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shyam B.","family":"Verma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cNirvan\u201d and \u201cIn Skin\u201d Clinics, Vadodara, 390020 Gujarat, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8368-8151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Ebert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Labor f\u00fcr Medizinische Mikrobiologie, 04571 R\u00f6tha OT M\u00f6lbis, Germany"},{"name":"Medizinische Fakult\u00e4t, Universit\u00e4t Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anke","family":"S\u00fc\u00df","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Haut\u00e4rztin, Gemeinschaftspraxis Allgemeinmedizin und Dermatologie, Kurf\u00fcrstenstra\u00dfe 23 a, 54616 Wittlich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleni","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hautarztpraxis Gunhild Kratzsch, Kochstra\u00dfe 66, 04275 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elke","family":"Auerswald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hautarztpraxis, Lungwitzer Stra\u00dfe 30, 09337 Hohenstein-Ernstthal, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Dessoi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hautzentrum Nordwest, Tituscorso 2-6, 60439 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wencke","family":"Hofmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hautzentrum Nordwest, Tituscorso 2-6, 60439 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hautarztpraxis im MVZ Friedrichstadt, Friedrichstra\u00dfe 41, Haus A-Haupteingang-1. OG, 01067 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathrin","family":"Neubert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hautarztpraxis Dipl. med. Kathrin Neubert, Bertolt- Brecht-Stra\u00dfe 2, 09217 Burgst\u00e4dt, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Regina","family":"Renner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gemeinschaftspraxis Dres. med. S. Sohl &amp; R. Renner, Katharinenstr. 33, 73728 Esslingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sirius","family":"Sohl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gemeinschaftspraxis Dres. med. S. Sohl &amp; R. Renner, Katharinenstr. 33, 73728 Esslingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uta","family":"Hradetzky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hautarztpraxis, Landsberger Stra\u00dfe 4, 04157 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ursula","family":"Krusche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hautarztpraxis, Landsberger Stra\u00dfe 4, 04157 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans-Christian","family":"Wenzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hautarztpraxis\/Phlebologie, Waldkerbelstra\u00dfe 12, 04329 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annegret","family":"Staginnus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hautarztpraxis, 04668 Grimma, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f6rg","family":"Schaller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatopathologie Duisburg, J. Schaller und C. Hendricks, 47166 Duisburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6380-0529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helios Klinikum Duisburg, Klinik f\u00fcr Dermatologie, Allergologie und Phlebologie, 47166 Duisburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christiane","family":"Tauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hautarztpraxis Christiane Tauer, Marcel- Callo- Platz 4, 98544 Zella-Mehlis, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Gebhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hautarztpraxis, Matthias Gebhardt, Leipziger Str. 90, 08058 Zwickau, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katja","family":"Schubert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hautarztpraxis Dresden, Loschwitzer Stra\u00dfe 40, D-01309 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2755-608X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zaid","family":"Almustafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Klinik f\u00fcr Dermatologie, Charite, 10117 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Qatif Central Hospital, Al Qatif 32654, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2683-6028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rudolf","family":"Stadler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4tsklinik f\u00fcr Dermatologie, Venerologie, Allergologie und Phlebologie, Johannes Wesling Klinikum Minden, Hans-Nolte-Stra\u00dfe 1, D-32429 Minden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Fuchs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hautarztpraxis, Darwinstr. 1, 04600 Altenburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0370-1270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cassian","family":"Sitaru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Freiburg, Klinik f\u00fcr Dermatologie und Venereologie, Mykologisches Labor, Hauptstra\u00dfe 7, 79104 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carsten","family":"Retzlaff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Labor Dres. L\u00f6bel und Retzlaff, Felsbachstr. 5, 07745 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cora","family":"Overbeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gemeinschaftspraxis Dermatologie Cora Overbeck und Thomas Neumann, Lange Str. 53, 34346 Hann. M\u00fcnden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Neumann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gemeinschaftspraxis Dermatologie Cora Overbeck und Thomas Neumann, Lange Str. 53, 34346 Hann. M\u00fcnden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anette","family":"Kerschnitzki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Klinik f\u00fcr Dermatologie, Klinikum Uni M\u00fcnchen, Mykologisches Labor, Frauenlobstr. 9-11, 80337 M\u00fcnchen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"Krause","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stephan Krause, Bundeswehrkrankenhaus Berlin, Klinik III Dermatologie, Scharnhorststra\u00dfe 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Schaller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, University Clinic T\u00fcbingen, Liebermeisterstra\u00dfe 25, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Birgit","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, University Clinic T\u00fcbingen, Liebermeisterstra\u00dfe 25, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Walther","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thomas Walther, Hautarztpraxis, B\u00e4stleinstr. 6, 04347 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"K\u00f6hler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hautarztpraxis, Boppstr. 20-24, 55118 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuela","family":"Albrecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hautarztpraxis, Mockauer Str. 123-125, 04357 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ursula","family":"Willing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hautarztpraxis, Mockauer Str. 123-125, 04357 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Monod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Service, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karine","family":"Salamin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Service, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6532-2332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anke","family":"Burmester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Jena, Erfurter Str. 35, D-07743 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Koch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Labor f\u00fcr Medizinische Mikrobiologie, 04571 R\u00f6tha OT M\u00f6lbis, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Constanze","family":"Kr\u00fcger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Labor f\u00fcr Medizinische Mikrobiologie, 04571 R\u00f6tha OT M\u00f6lbis, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silke","family":"Uhrla\u00df","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Labor f\u00fcr Medizinische Mikrobiologie, 04571 R\u00f6tha OT M\u00f6lbis, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.4103\/ijd.IJD_206_17","article-title":"The great Indian epidemic of superficial dermatophytosis: An appraisal","volume":"62","author":"Verma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J. 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