{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T19:30:40Z","timestamp":1777750240241,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,17]],"date-time":"2020-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605571200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda&amp;#x00E7;&amp;#x00E3;o de Amparo &amp;#x00E0; Pesquisa do Estado de S&amp;#x00E3;o Paulo","award":["2016\/08730-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016\/08730-6"]}]},{"name":"Funda&amp;#x00E7;&amp;#x00E3;o de Amparo &amp;#x00E0; Pesquisa do Estado de S&amp;#x00E3;o Paulo","award":["2018\/25171-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/25171-6"]}]},{"name":"Funda&amp;#x00E7;&amp;#x00E3;o de Amparo &amp;#x00E0; Pesquisa do Estado de S&amp;#x00E3;o Paulo","award":["2019\/20622-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019\/20622-2"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["420480\/2018-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["420480\/2018-8"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI52733"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI52733"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a granulomatous systemic mycosis caused by the thermo-dimorphic fungi of the genus Paracoccidioides. Melanin production by fungi can affect their pathogenesis and virulence. This study evaluates the production of melanin by different isolates of genus Paracoccidioides and examines how the presence of this polymer affects yeast cell phagocytosis, as well as laccase enzyme production. The results obtained showed that the isolates of genus Paracoccidioides: P. lutzii (Pb01, Pb66, ED01, Pb1578, and Pb8334), P. restrepiensis (PS3-Pb60855), P. brasiliensis (S1-Pb18), and P. americana (PS2-Pbc\u00e3o) produce melanin in the presence of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA). Phagocytosis assays were carried out with peritoneal macrophages from C57Bl\/6 mice that were challenged with Pb18, Pb60855, and Pb01. We observed that melanin interferes with phagocytosis in the presence or absence of complement or heat-inactivated serum. This article confirms that different species of the genus Paracoccidioides produce melanin in different magnitudes and that the polymer functions as a virulence factor.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof6040291","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,17]],"date-time":"2020-11-17T11:02:12Z","timestamp":1605610932000},"page":"291","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Melanin as a Virulence Factor in Different Species of Genus Paracoccidioides"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"El\u00fazia","family":"C. P. Emidio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martha","family":"E. Ur\u00e1n J.","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo, Laboratorio de Micologia Medica\/LIM53, Departamento de Dermatologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05403-000, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia, Medell\u00edn 050010, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6545-5725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leandro","family":"B. R. Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2344-1354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucas","family":"S. Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"Doprado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9905-5754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshua D.","family":"Nosanchuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medicine (Division of Infectious Diseases) and Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9928-9809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Pelleschi","family":"Taborda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil"},{"name":"Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo, Laboratorio de Micologia Medica\/LIM53, Departamento de Dermatologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05403-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msj008","article-title":"Cryptic speciation and recombination in the fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis as revealed by gene genealogies","volume":"23","author":"Matute","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. 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Agents"}],"container-title":["Journal of Fungi"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2309-608X\/6\/4\/291\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:34:45Z","timestamp":1760178885000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2309-608X\/6\/4\/291"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,17]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["jof6040291"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jof6040291","relation":{},"ISSN":["2309-608X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2309-608X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,17]]}}}