{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T10:16:25Z","timestamp":1779099385015,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,14]],"date-time":"2020-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607904000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ADCRC","award":["6017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6017"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PO 1AI061310-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PO 1AI061310-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000930","name":"NSF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DGE 0114420"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DGE 0114420"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000930","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007306","name":"Arizona Department of Health Services","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16-162415"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16-162415"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007306","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of New Mexico (UNM) Graduate and Professional Student Association High Priority GrantUniversity of New Mexico (UNM) Graduate and Professional Student Association High Priority Grant","award":["PH"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PH"]}]},{"name":"Grants in Community, Culture, and Environment by The Center for Ecosystem Science and Society and the McAllister Program in Community, Culture, and Environment at Northern Arizona University","award":["HLM"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HLM"]}]},{"name":"Flinn Foundation of Arizona","award":["1978"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1978"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Coccidioidomycosis, or Valley fever, is caused by two species of dimorphic fungi. Based on molecular phylogenetic evidence, the genus Coccidioides contains two reciprocally monophyletic species: C. immitis and C. posadasii. However, phenotypic variation between species has not been deeply investigated. We therefore explored differences in growth rate under various conditions. A collection of 39 C. posadasii and 46 C. immitis isolates, representing the full geographical range of the two species, was screened for mycelial growth rate at 37 \u00b0C and 28 \u00b0C on solid media. The radial growth rate was measured for 16 days on yeast extract agar. A linear mixed effect model was used to compare the growth rate of C. posadasii and C. immitis at 37 \u00b0C and 28 \u00b0C, respectively. C. posadasii grew significantly faster at 37 \u00b0C, when compared to C. immitis; whereas both species had similar growth rates at 28 \u00b0C. These results indicate thermotolerance differs between these two species. As the ecological niche has not been well-described for Coccidioides spp., and disease variability between species has not been shown, the evolutionary pressure underlying the adaptation is unclear. However, this research reveals the first significant phenotypic difference between the two species that directly applies to ecological research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof6040366","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,14]],"date-time":"2020-12-14T21:25:08Z","timestamp":1607981108000},"page":"366","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Differential Thermotolerance Adaptation between Species of Coccidioides"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Heather L.","family":"Mead","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6168-5723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paris S.","family":"Hamm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1514-2242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isaac N.","family":"Shaffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Informatics, Computers, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcus de Melo","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70000-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher S.","family":"Wendel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2225-5122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathan P.","family":"Wiederhold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8518-5750","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"III","given":"George R.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Internal Medicine Division of Infectious Diseases, and Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raquel","family":"Mu\u00f1iz-Salazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Epidemiolog\u00eda y Ecolog\u00eda Molecular, Escuela Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Baja California, Unidad Valle Dorado, Ensenada 22890, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura Rosio","family":"Casta\u00f1\u00f3n-Olivares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de Mexico, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0089-5820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Keim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carmel","family":"Plude","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northern Arizona Healthcare, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joel","family":"Terriquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northern Arizona Healthcare, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7882-1883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John N.","family":"Galgiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Valley Fever Center for Excellence, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marc J.","family":"Orbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Valley Fever Center for Excellence, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA"},{"name":"School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3439-4517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bridget M.","family":"Barker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA"},{"name":"Valley Fever Center for Excellence, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.17.4.804-839.2004","article-title":"Coccidioidomycosis: Host Response and Vaccine Development","volume":"17","author":"Cox","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. 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