{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T20:03:05Z","timestamp":1791403385506,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,4]],"date-time":"2021-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609718400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Scedosporium\/Lomentospora fungi are increasingly recognized pathogens. As these fungi are resistant to many antifungal agents, early diagnosis is essential for initiating targeted drug therapy. Here, we review the microbiological tools for the detection and diagnosis of invasive scedosporiosis and lomentosporiosis. Of over 10 species, Lomentospora prolificans, Scedosporium apiospermum, S. boydii and S. aurantiacum cause the majority of infections. Definitive diagnosis relies on one or more of visualization, isolation or detection of the fungus from clinical specimens by microscopy techniques, culture and molecular methods such as panfungal PCR or genus-\/species-specific multiplex PCR. For isolation from respiratory tract specimens, selective media have shown improved isolation rates. Species identification is achieved by macroscopic and microscopic examination of colonies, but species should be confirmed by ITS with or without \u03b2-tubulin gene sequencing or other molecular methods. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry databases are improving but may need supplementation by in-house spectra for species identification. Reference broth microdilution methods is preferred for antifungal susceptibility testing. Next-generation sequencing technologies have good potential for characterization of these pathogens. Diagnosis of Scedosporium\/Lomentospora infections relies on multiple approaches encompassing both phenotypic- and molecular-based methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7010023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,4]],"date-time":"2021-01-04T21:58:36Z","timestamp":1609797516000},"page":"23","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Scedosporium and Lomentospora Infections: Contemporary Microbiological Tools for the Diagnosis of Invasive Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Sharon C.-A.","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, New South Wales Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia"},{"name":"Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases &amp; Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catriona L.","family":"Halliday","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, New South Wales Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia"},{"name":"Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases &amp; Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1653-2824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Hoenigl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Health, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92103, USA"},{"name":"Clinical and Translational Fungal-Working Group, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92103, USA"},{"name":"Section of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9599-3137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oliver A.","family":"Cornely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Excellence Centre for Medical Mycology (ECMM), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50923 Cologne, Germany"},{"name":"Translational Research Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Responses in Aging-associated Diseases (CECAD), 50923 Cologne, Germany"},{"name":"Clinical Trials Centre Cologne (ZKS Koln), 50923 Cologne, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9933-8340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wieland","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases &amp; Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia"},{"name":"Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia"},{"name":"Westmead Hospital (Research and Education Network), Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia"},{"name":"Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13225-014-0295-4","article-title":"Proposed nomenclature for Pseudallescheria, Scedosporium and related genera","volume":"67","author":"Lackner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fungal Divers."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00039-07","article-title":"Infections caused by Scedosporium spp.","volume":"21","author":"Cortez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. 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