{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T17:43:47Z","timestamp":1791827027666,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":135,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,4]],"date-time":"2021-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Systemic fungal infections are associated with high mortality rates despite adequate treatment. Moreover, acquired resistance to antifungals is increasing, which further complicates the therapeutic management. One strategy to overcome antifungal resistance is to use antifungal combinations. In vitro, several techniques are used to assess drug interactions, such as the broth microdilution checkerboard, agar-diffusion methods, and time-kill curves. Currently, the most widely used technique is the checkerboard method. The aim of all these techniques is to determine if the interaction between antifungal agents is synergistic, indifferent, or antagonistic. However, the interpretation of the results remains difficult. Several methods of analysis can be used, based on different theories. The most commonly used method is the calculation of the fractional inhibitory concentration index. Determination of the usefulness of combination treatments in patients needs well-conducted clinical trials, which are difficult. It is therefore important to study antifungal combinations in vivo, in experimental animal models of fungal infections. Although mammalian models have mostly been used, new alternative animal models in invertebrates look promising. To evaluate the antifungal efficacy, the most commonly used criteria are the mortality rate and the fungal load in the target organs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7020113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,4]],"date-time":"2021-02-04T03:15:28Z","timestamp":1612408528000},"page":"113","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":98,"title":["Techniques for the Assessment of In Vitro and In Vivo Antifungal Combinations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Anne-Laure","family":"Bidaud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasitology-Mycology Unit, Microbiology Department, APHP, European Georges Pompidou Hospital, Paris-Descartes University, F-75015 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0383-1865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick","family":"Schwarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, University Hospital Marburg, Baldingerstra\u00dfe, D-35043 Marburg, Germany"},{"name":"Center for Invasive Mycoses and Antifungals, Philipps University Marburg, D-35037 Marburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guillaume","family":"Herbreteau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Nantes University Hospital, F-44093 Nantes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2817-3830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric","family":"Dannaoui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasitology-Mycology Unit, Microbiology Department, APHP, European Georges Pompidou Hospital, Paris-Descartes University, F-75015 Paris, France"},{"name":"Dynamyc Research Group, Paris Est Cr\u00e9teil University (UPEC, EnvA), F-94010 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12360","article-title":"European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Fungal Infection Study Group; European Confederation of Medical Mycology ESCMID and ECMM Joint Clinical Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Rare Invasive Yeast Infections","volume":"20","author":"Arendrup","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. 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