{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T16:06:22Z","timestamp":1787069182417,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,24]],"date-time":"2021-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614124800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Minist\u00e8re de l'Enseignement Sup\u00e9rieur et de la Recherche Scientifique Tunisia","award":["19PEJC06-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19PEJC06-02"]}]},{"name":"Minist\u00e8re de l'Enseignement Sup\u00e9rieur et de la Recherche Scientifique Tunisia","award":["UR17SP03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UR17SP03"]}]},{"name":"Minist\u00e8re de l'Enseignement Sup\u00e9rieur et de la Recherche Scientifique Tunisia","award":["LR16IPT01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LR16IPT01"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003762","name":"Institut Pasteur","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RIIP Affiliate Program Fellowship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RIIP Affiliate Program Fellowship"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003762","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Microsporidiosis is an emerging opportunistic infection causing severe digestive disorders in immunocompromised patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of intestinal microsporidia carriage among immunocompromised patients hospitalized at a major hospital complex in the Tunis capital area, Tunisia (North Africa), and perform molecular epidemiology and population structure analyses of Enterocytozoon bieneusi, which is an emerging fungal pathogen. We screened 250 stool samples for the presence of intestinal microsporidia from 171 patients, including 81 organ transplant recipients, 73 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-positive patients, and 17 patients with unspecified immunodeficiency. Using a nested PCR-based diagnostic approach for the detection of E. bieneusi and Encephalitozoon spp., we identified 18 microsporidia-positive patients out of 171 (10.5%), among which 17 were infected with E. bieneusi. Microsporidia-positive cases displayed chronic diarrhea (17 out of 18), which was associated more with HIV rather than with immunosuppression other than HIV (12 out of 73 versus 6 out of 98, respectively, p = 0.02) and correlated with extended hospital stays compared to microsporidia-negative cases (60 versus 19 days on average, respectively; p = 0.001). Strikingly, internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-based genotyping of E. bieneusi strains revealed high-frequency occurrence of ITS sequences that were identical (n = 10) or similar (with one single polymorphic site, n = 3) to rare genotype WL12. Minimum-spanning tree analyses segregated the 17 E. bieneusi infection cases into four distinct genotypic clusters and confirmed the high prevalence of genotype WL12 in our patient population. Phylogenetic analyses allowed the mapping of all 17 E. bieneusi strains to zoonotic group 1 (subgroups 1a and 1b\/1c), indicating loose host specificity and raising public health concern. Our study suggests a probable common source of E. bieneusi genotype WL12 transmission and prompts the implementation of a wider epidemiological investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7030161","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,24]],"date-time":"2021-02-24T20:53:21Z","timestamp":1614200001000},"page":"161","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["High Frequency of Enterocytozoon bieneusi Genotype WL12 Occurrence among Immunocompromised Patients with Intestinal Microsporidiosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0570-5037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariem","family":"Messaoud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologie, UR17SP03, La Rabta Hospital, Tunis 1007, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salma","family":"Abbes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologie, UR17SP03, La Rabta Hospital, Tunis 1007, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mayssa","family":"Gnaien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Laboratoire de Microbiologie Mol\u00e9culaire, Vaccinologie et D\u00e9veloppement Biotechnologique, Tunis 1002, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasmine","family":"Rebai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Laboratoire de Microbiologie Mol\u00e9culaire, Vaccinologie et D\u00e9veloppement Biotechnologique, Tunis 1002, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aicha","family":"Kallel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologie, UR17SP03, La Rabta Hospital, Tunis 1007, Tunisia"},{"name":"Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Laboratoire de Microbiologie Mol\u00e9culaire, Vaccinologie et D\u00e9veloppement Biotechnologique, Tunis 1002, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sana","family":"Jemel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologie, UR17SP03, La Rabta Hospital, Tunis 1007, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghaya","family":"Cherif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologie, UR17SP03, La Rabta Hospital, Tunis 1007, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Amine","family":"Skhairia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Laboratoire de Microbiologie Mol\u00e9culaire, Vaccinologie et D\u00e9veloppement Biotechnologique, Tunis 1002, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Marouen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologie, UR17SP03, La Rabta Hospital, Tunis 1007, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Najla","family":"Fakhfekh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologie, UR17SP03, La Rabta Hospital, Tunis 1007, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helmi","family":"Mardassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Laboratoire de Microbiologie Mol\u00e9culaire, Vaccinologie et D\u00e9veloppement Biotechnologique, Tunis 1002, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Slaheddine","family":"Belhadj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologie, UR17SP03, La Rabta Hospital, Tunis 1007, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9238-2218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sadri","family":"Znaidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Laboratoire de Microbiologie Mol\u00e9culaire, Vaccinologie et D\u00e9veloppement Biotechnologique, Tunis 1002, Tunisia"},{"name":"Institut Pasteur, INRA, D\u00e9partement Mycologie, Unit\u00e9 Biologie et Pathog\u00e9nicit\u00e9 Fongiques, 75015 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kalthoum","family":"Kallel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologie, UR17SP03, La Rabta Hospital, Tunis 1007, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weiss, L.M., and Becnel, J.J. 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