{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T02:41:34Z","timestamp":1790995294241,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,11]],"date-time":"2021-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Environment and Food of Denmark.","award":["not apllicable"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["not apllicable"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Azole resistance is an emerging problem in patients with aspergillosis. The role of fungicides for resistance development and occurrence is not fully elucidated. EUCAST reference MICs of 17 fungicides (11 azoles and 6 others), five azole fungicide metabolites and four medical triazoles were examined against two reference and 28 clinical isolates of A. fumigatus, A. flavus and A. terreus with (n = 12) and without (n = 16) resistance mutations. Eight\/11 azole fungicides were active against wild-type A. fumigatus, A. flavus and A. terreus, including four (metconazole, prothioconazole-desthio, prochloraz and imazalil) with low MIC50 (\u22642 mg\/L) against all three species and epoxiconazole, propiconazole, tebuconazole and difenoconazole also against wild-type A. terreus. Mefentrifluconazole, azole metabolites and non-azole fungicides MICs were &gt;16 mg\/L against A. fumigatus although partial growth inhibition was found with mefentrifluconazole. Moreover, mefentrifluconazole and axozystrobin were active against wild-type A. terreus. Increased MICs (\u22653 dilutions) were found for TR34\/L98H, TR34(3)\/L98H, TR46\/Y121F\/T289A and G432S compared to wild-type A. fumigatus for epoxiconazole, propiconazole, tebuconazole, difenoconazole, prochloraz, imazalil and metconazole (except G432S), and for prothioconazole-desthio against TR46\/Y121F\/T289A, specifically. Increased MICs were found in A. fumigatus harbouring G54R, M220K and M220R alterations for five, one and one azole fungicides, respectively, compared to MICs against wild-type A. fumigatus. Similarly, increased MICs wer found for A. terreus with G51A, M217I and Y491H alterations for five, six and two azole fungicides, respectively. Azole fungicides showed activity against wild-type A. fumigatus, A. terreus and A. flavus, but not against all mutant isolates, suggesting the environmental route of azole resistance may have a role for all three species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7030205","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,11]],"date-time":"2021-03-11T04:46:53Z","timestamp":1615438013000},"page":"205","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Dissection of the Activity of Agricultural Fungicides against Clinical Aspergillus Isolates with and without Environmentally and Medically Induced Azole Resistance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Karin Meinike","family":"J\u00f8rgensen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit for Mycology, Statens Serum Institut, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Helleberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9796-023X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rasmus Kr\u00f8ger","family":"Hare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit for Mycology, Statens Serum Institut, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lise Nistrup","family":"J\u00f8rgensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agroecology\u2014Crop Health, Aarhus University-Flakkebjerg, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4747-0144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maiken Cavling","family":"Arendrup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit for Mycology, Statens Serum Institut, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Copenhagen University, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-018-1170-0","article-title":"A nationwide passive surveillance on fungal infections shows a low burden of azole resistance in molds and yeasts in Tyrol, Austria","volume":"46","author":"Mayr","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1850","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01850","article-title":"Azole-Resistant Aspergillus fumigatus Among Danish Cystic Fibrosis Patients: Increasing Prevalence and Dominance of TR34\/L98H","volume":"11","author":"Risum","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. 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