{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T17:36:03Z","timestamp":1790012163128,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]],"date-time":"2021-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan","award":["20K18604"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20K18604"]}]},{"name":"the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan","award":["20K10053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20K10053"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oral candidiasis presents with multiple clinical manifestations. Among known pathogenic Candida species, Candida albicans is the most virulent and acts as the main causative fungus of oral candidiasis. Novel treatment modalities are needed because of emergent drug resistance and frequent candidiasis recurrence. Here, we evaluated the ability of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus L8020, isolated from healthy and caries-free volunteers, to prevent against the onset of oral candidiasis in a mouse model. Mice were infected with C. albicans, in the presence or absence of L. rhamnosus L8020. The mice were treated with antibiotics and corticosteroid to disrupt the oral microbiota and induce immunosuppression. We demonstrated that oral consumption of L. rhamnosus L8020 by C. albicans-infected mice abolished the pseudomembranous region of the mouse tongue; it also suppressed changes in the expression levels of pattern recognition receptor and chemokine genes. Our results suggest that L. rhamnosus L8020 has protective or therapeutic potential against oral candidiasis, which supports the potential use of this probiotic strain for oral health management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7050322","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]],"date-time":"2021-04-21T12:47:07Z","timestamp":1619009227000},"page":"322","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["In Vivo Efficacy of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus L8020 in a Mouse Model of Oral Candidiasis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Rei","family":"Ito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biology &amp; Engineering, Division of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7057-1955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuichi","family":"Mine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical System Engineering, Division of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshie","family":"Yumisashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biology &amp; Engineering, Division of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reina","family":"Yoshioka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical System Engineering, Division of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Misa","family":"Hamaoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biology &amp; Engineering, Division of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsuyoshi","family":"Taji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biology &amp; Engineering, Division of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takeshi","family":"Murayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical System Engineering, Division of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4883-5723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiroki","family":"Nikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biology &amp; Engineering, Division of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0757.2008.00291.x","article-title":"Oral mucosal fungal infections","volume":"49","author":"Samaranayake","year":"2009","journal-title":"Periodontology 2000"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(01)02094-7","article-title":"Virulence factors of Candida albicans","volume":"9","author":"Calderone","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034511399284","article-title":"Candida-host interactions in HIV disease: Implications for oropharyngeal candidiasis","volume":"23","author":"Fidel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, L., Zhou, M., Young, A., Zhao, W., and Yan, Z. (2019). In vivo effectiveness and safety of probiotics on prophylaxis and treatment of oral candidiasis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Oral Health, 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-019-0841-2"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vila, T., Sultan, A.S., Montelongo-Jauregui, D., and Jabra-Rizk, M.A. (2020). Oral candidiasis: A disease of opportunity. J. Fungi, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof6010015"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"FAO\/WHO (2001). Report on Joint FAO\/WHO Expert Consultation on Evaluation of Health and Nutritional Properties of Probiotics in Food Including Powder Milk with Live Lactic Acid Bacteria, WHO."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2014.66","article-title":"Expert consensus document. The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics consensus statement on the scope and appropriate use of the term probiotic","volume":"11","author":"Hill","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2041-1626.2011.00056.x","article-title":"Bovine milk fermented with Lactobacillus rhamnosus L8020 decreases the oral carriage of mutans streptococci and the burden of periodontal pathogens","volume":"2","author":"Nikawa","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Investig. Clin. Dent."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1159\/000342079","article-title":"Probiotic mechanisms of action","volume":"61","author":"Gil","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00993-18","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00993-18","article-title":"Comparative genomics of the genus lactobacillus reveals robust phylogroups that provide the basis for reclassification","volume":"84","author":"Salvetti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2011.01868.x","article-title":"Treatment with probiotics in experimental oral colonization by Candida albicans in murine model (DBA\/2)","volume":"18","author":"Matsubara","year":"2012","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.14511","article-title":"Action mechanisms of probiotics on Candida spp. and candidiasis prevention: An update","volume":"129","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2782","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.004107","article-title":"A taxonomic note on the genus Lactobacillus: Description of 23 novel genera, emended description of the genus Lactobacillus Beijerinck 1901, and union of Lactobacillaceae and Leuconostocaceae","volume":"70","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2020.104832","article-title":"Comprehensive analysis of transcriptional profiles in oral epithelial-like cells stimulated with oral probiotic Lactobacillus spp.","volume":"118","author":"Endo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20180564","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-7757-2018-0564","article-title":"Effect of bovine milk fermented with Lactobacillus rhamnosus L8020 on periodontal disease in individuals with intellectual disability: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"29","author":"Yuki","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Appl. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.09.159","article-title":"Detection and isolation of protein susceptible indigenous bacteria affected by dietary milk-casein, albumen and soy-protein in the caecum of ICR mice","volume":"144","author":"Xia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2003.tb03403.x","article-title":"A novel murine model of oral candidiasis with local symptoms characteristic of oral thrush","volume":"47","author":"Takakura","year":"2003","journal-title":"Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2190","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.07055-11","article-title":"Effect of Streptococcus salivarius K12 on the in vitro growth of Candida albicans and its protective effect in an oral candidiasis model","volume":"78","author":"Ishijima","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1080\/02681219980000051","article-title":"In vitro susceptibility of Candida species to lactoferrin","volume":"37","author":"Xu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2011-300971","article-title":"Probiotic and postbiotic activity in health and disease: Comparison on a novel polarised ex-vivo organ culture model","volume":"61","author":"Tsilingiri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carmello, J.C., Alves, F., Basso, F.G., de Souza Costa, C.A., Bagnato, V.S., Mima, E.G.D.O., and Pavarina, A.C. (2016). Treatment of oral candidiasis using photodithazine\u00ae-mediated Photodynamic Therapy in vivo. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0156947"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2511","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-018-2347-8","article-title":"Lactobacillus rhamnosus intake can prevent the development of Candidiasis","volume":"22","author":"Tavares","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jds.2020.05.031","article-title":"Efficacy of different formulations of nystatin in an experimental model of oral candidiasis in sialoadenectomized rats","volume":"16","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dent. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02323-19","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02323-19","article-title":"Development of probiotic formulations for oral candidiasis prevention: Gellan gum as a carrier to deliver lactobacillus paracasei 28.4","volume":"64","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Authier, H., Salon, M., Rahabi, M., Bertrand, B., Blondeau, C., Kuylle, S., Holowacz, S., and Coste, A. (2021). Oral Administration of Lactobacillus helveticus LA401 and Lactobacillus gasseri LA806 Combination Attenuates Oesophageal and Gastrointestinal Candidiasis and Consequent Gut Inflammation in Mice. J. Fungi, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7010057"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liao, H., Liu, S., Wang, H., Su, H., and Liu, Z. (2019). Enhanced antifungal activity of bovine lactoferrin-producing probiotic Lactobacillus casei in the murine model of vulvovaginal candidiasis. BMC Microbiol., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-018-1370-x"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"foz008","article-title":"Anti-Candida activity of beneficial vaginal lactobacilli in in vitro assays and in a murine experimental model","volume":"19","author":"Silva","year":"2019","journal-title":"FEMS Yeast Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1301\/nr.2003.marr.91-99","article-title":"Probiotics: Considerations for human health","volume":"61","author":"Sanders","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17625","article-title":"Candidalysin is a fungal peptide toxin critical for mucosal infection","volume":"532","author":"Moyes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2012.04.008","article-title":"Th17 cells in immunity to Candida albicans","volume":"11","author":"Gaffen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bojang, E., Ghuman, H., Kumwenda, P., and Hall, R.A. (2021). Immune Sensing of Candida albicans. J. Fungi, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7020119"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"639","article-title":"The expression of toll-like receptor 2 and 4 mRNA in local tissues of model of oropharyngeal candidiasis in mice","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Huazhong Univ. Sci. Technol. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20081463","article-title":"Th17 cells and IL-17 receptor signaling are essential for mucosal host defense against oral candidiasis","volume":"206","author":"Conti","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2041-1014.2010.00570.x","article-title":"Early activation of the interleukin-23-17 axis in a murine model of oropharyngeal candidiasis","volume":"25","author":"Saunus","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Oral Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.10.001","article-title":"IL-17 receptor signaling in oral epithelial cells is critical for protection against oropharyngeal candidiasis","volume":"20","author":"Conti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"}],"container-title":["Journal of Fungi"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2309-608X\/7\/5\/322\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:50:35Z","timestamp":1760161835000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2309-608X\/7\/5\/322"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["jof7050322"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jof7050322","relation":{},"ISSN":["2309-608X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2309-608X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]]}}}