{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T15:06:19Z","timestamp":1779894379063,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":135,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]],"date-time":"2021-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI136529"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI136529"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI150181"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI150181"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI130411"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI130411"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI035681"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI035681"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI040996"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI040996"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI093553"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI093553"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI040996"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI040996"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI132638"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI132638"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Coccidioidomycosis, otherwise known as Valley Fever, is caused by the dimorphic fungi Coccidioides immitis and C. posadasii. While most clinical cases present with self-limiting pulmonary infection, dissemination of Coccidioides spp. results in prolonged treatment and portends higher mortality rates. While the structure, genome, and niches for Coccidioides have provided some insight into the pathogenesis of disease, the underlying immunological mechanisms of clearance or inability to contain the infection in the lung are poorly understood. This review focuses on the known innate and adaptive immune responses to Coccidioides and highlights three important areas of uncertainty and potential approaches to address them. Closing these gaps in knowledge may enable new preventative and therapeutic strategies to be pursued.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7050377","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]],"date-time":"2021-05-11T22:53:40Z","timestamp":1620773620000},"page":"377","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["The Known Unknowns of the Immune Response to Coccidioides"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6752-5600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca A.","family":"Ward","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8518-5750","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"3rd","given":"George R.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 96817, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra-Chlo\u00e9","family":"Villani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA"},{"name":"Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA"},{"name":"Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael K.","family":"Mansour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcel","family":"Wuethrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenny M.","family":"Tam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce S.","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9985-9565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jatin M.","family":"Vyas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1295723","article-title":"Pulmonary coccidioidomycosis","volume":"32","author":"Thompson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Semin. 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