{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T10:57:20Z","timestamp":1791975440623,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,20]],"date-time":"2021-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624147200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16\/03322-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16\/03322-7"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16\/25167-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16\/25167-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["420670\/2018-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["420670\/2018-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008353","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Apoio ao Ensino, Pesquisa e Assist\u00eancia do Hospital das Cl\u00ednicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir\u00e3o Preto da Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008353","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JoF"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cryptococcus neoformans, the causative agent of cryptococcosis, is the primary fungal pathogen that affects the immunocompromised individuals. Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is an animal lectin involved in both innate and adaptive immune responses. The present study aimed to evaluate the influence of Gal-3 on the C. neoformans infection. We performed histopathological and gene profile analysis of the innate antifungal immunity markers in the lungs, spleen, and brain of the wild-type (WT) and Gal-3 knockout (KO) mice during cryptococcosis. These findings suggest that Gal-3 absence does not cause significant histopathological alterations in the analyzed tissues. The expression profile of the genes related to innate antifungal immunity showed that the presence of cryptococcosis in the WT and Gal-3 KO animals, compared to their respective controls, promoted the upregulation of the pattern recognition receptor (PRR) responsive to mannose\/chitin (mrc1) and a gene involved in inflammation (ccr5), as well as the downregulation of the genes related to signal transduction (card9, fos, ikbkb, jun) and PRRs (cd209a, colec12, nptx1). The absence of Gal-3, in fungal infection, a positively modulated gene involved in phagocytosis (sftpd) and negatively genes involved in signal transduction (syk and myd88), proinflammatory cytokines il-1\u03b2 and il-12b and cd209a receptor. Therefore, our results suggest that Gal-3 may play an essential role in the development of antifungal immune responses against cryptococcosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7060492","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,20]],"date-time":"2021-06-20T22:00:02Z","timestamp":1624226402000},"page":"492","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Influence of Galectin-3 on the Innate Immune Response during Experimental Cryptococcosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Caroline Patini","family":"Rezende","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1406-4385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia Kellen Martins Oliveira","family":"Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5017-6539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thiago Aparecido","family":"Da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4549-1387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andre Moreira","family":"Pessoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leandra Naira Zambelli","family":"Ramalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3782-3698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fausto","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5520(02)00036-3","article-title":"Cryptococcosis","volume":"16","author":"Perfect","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1002\/yea.1786","article-title":"A history of research on yeasts 14: Medical yeasts part 2, Cryptococcus neoformans","volume":"27","author":"Barnett","year":"2010","journal-title":"Yeast"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.218727.116","article-title":"Population genomics and the evolution of virulence in the fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans","volume":"27","author":"Desjardins","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3204","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.10.3204-3209.1999","article-title":"Epidemiological evidence for dormant Cryptococcus neoformans infection","volume":"37","author":"Janbon","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4652","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.7.4652","article-title":"Immunologic homeostasis during infection: Coexistence of strong pulmonary cell-mediated immunity to secondary Cryptococcus neoformans infection while the primary infection still persists at low levels in the lungs","volume":"177","author":"Lindell","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.05273-11","article-title":"Adaptation of Cryptococcus neoformans to mammalian hosts: Integrated regulation of metabolism and virulence","volume":"11","author":"Kronstad","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eukaryot. Cell"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-0106-3_2","article-title":"Galectins as pattern recognition receptors: Structure, function, and evolution","volume":"946","author":"Vasta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4165(02)00313-6","article-title":"Intracellular functions of galectins","volume":"1572","author":"Liu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2013.11.006","article-title":"Galectins as bacterial sensors in the host innate response","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s12565-016-0366-6","article-title":"Tissue- and cell-specific localization of galectins, \u03b2-galactose-binding animal lectins, and their potential functions in health and disease","volume":"92","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anat. Sci. Int."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2005.12.020","article-title":"Galectin-3: An open-ended story","volume":"1760","author":"Dumic","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"9247574","article-title":"The Many Roles of Galectin-3, a Multifaceted Molecule, in Innate Immune Responses against Pathogens","volume":"2017","author":"Ortega","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2021.1903212","article-title":"Altered expression of genes related to innate antifungal immunity in the absence of galectin-3","volume":"12","author":"Rezende","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Snarr, B.D., St-Pierre, G., Ralph, B., Lehoux, M., Sato, Y., Rancourt, A., Takazono, T., Baistrocchi, S.R., Corsini, R., and Cheng, M.P. (2020). Galectin-3 enhances neutrophil motility and extravasation into the airways during Aspergillus fumigatus infection. PLoS Pathog., 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008741"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.3109\/13693786.2013.770607","article-title":"Galectin-3 plays an important role in protection against disseminated candidiasis","volume":"51","author":"Linden","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1968","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-02126-7","article-title":"Galectin-3 impacts Cryptococcus neoformans infection through direct antifungal effects","volume":"8","author":"Almeida","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3427","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1202122","article-title":"Galectin-3 negatively regulates dendritic cell production of IL-23\/IL-17-axis cytokines in infection by Histoplasma capsulatum","volume":"190","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruas, L.P., Bernardes, E.S., Fermino, M.L., de Oliveira, L.L., Hsu, D.K., Liu, F.T., Chammas, R., and Roque-Barreira, M.C. (2009). Lack of galectin-3 drives response to Paracoccidioides brasiliensis toward a Th2-biased immunity. PLoS ONE, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004519"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00209-19","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00209-19","article-title":"Galectin-3 Inhibits Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Growth and Impacts Paracoccidioidomycosis through Multiple Mechanisms","volume":"4","author":"Hatanaka","year":"2019","journal-title":"MSphere"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)64975-9","article-title":"Targeted disruption of the galectin-3 gene results in attenuated peritoneal inflammatory responses","volume":"156","author":"Hsu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-032414-112240","article-title":"Innate immune pattern recognition: A cell biological perspective","volume":"33","author":"Brubaker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0173866","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0173866","article-title":"Characterization of C-type lectins reveals an unexpectedly limited interaction between Cryptococcus neoformans spores and Dectin-1","volume":"12","author":"Walsh","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01261","article-title":"The Interaction of Human Pathogenic Fungi With C-Type Lectin Receptors","volume":"9","author":"Goyal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000000710","article-title":"Role of the Mannose Receptor During Aspergillus fumigatus Infection and Interaction With Dectin-1 in Corneal Epithelial Cells","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200838872","article-title":"Synergistic regulation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced cytokine production in human monocytes by mannose receptor and TLR2","volume":"39","author":"Xaplanteri","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-014-9564-y","article-title":"Expression of the mannose receptor CD206 in HIV and SIV encephalitis: A phenotypic switch of brain perivascular macrophages with virus infection","volume":"9","author":"Holder","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2009.02.006","article-title":"The macrophage mannose receptor induces IL-17 in response to Candida albicans","volume":"5","author":"Marijnissen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.00261","article-title":"TLR-4 cooperates with Dectin-1 and mannose receptor to expand Th17 and Tc17 cells induced by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis stimulated dendritic cells","volume":"6","author":"Loures","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1080\/mmy.39.1.41.50","article-title":"Role of chemokines in fungal infections","volume":"39","author":"Traynor","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.164.7.2103011","article-title":"Chemokines and Their Receptors Guiding T Lymphocyte Recruitment in Lung Inflammation","volume":"164","author":"Mariani","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI1422","article-title":"The chemokine receptors CXCR3 and CCR5 mark subsets of T cells associated with certain inflammatory reactions","volume":"101","author":"Qin","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.08.016","article-title":"CXCR3 chemokine receptor-ligand interactions in the lymph node optimize CD4+ T helper 1 cell differentiation","volume":"37","author":"Groom","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4642","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.163.9.4642","article-title":"Cutting edge: Role of C-C chemokine receptor 5 in organ-specific and innate immunity to Cryptococcus neoformans","volume":"163","author":"Huffnagle","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)63686-3","article-title":"Chemokine production and leukocyte recruitment to the lungs of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis-infected mice is modulated by interferon-gamma","volume":"163","author":"Souto","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.10.008","article-title":"Evidence that multiple defects in murine DC-SIGN inhibit a functional interaction with pathogens","volume":"345","author":"Gramberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200940188","article-title":"C-type lectin SIGNR1 enhances cellular oxidative burst response against C. albicans in cooperation with Dectin-1","volume":"41","author":"Takahara","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxr103","article-title":"Efficient capture of Candida albicans and zymosan by SIGNR1 augments TLR2-dependent TNF-alpha production","volume":"24","author":"Takahara","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3053","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.5.3053","article-title":"Cryptococcus neoformans Glycoantigens Are Captured by Multiple Lectin Receptors and Presented by Dendritic Cells","volume":"176","author":"Mansour","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1460","article-title":"Syk- and CARD9-dependent coupling of innate immunity to the induction of T helper cells that produce interleukin 17","volume":"8","author":"Robinson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201041340","article-title":"Antibody\u2013Fc receptor interactions in protection against intracellular pathogens","volume":"41","author":"Joller","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.63.2.573-579.1995","article-title":"Antibodies to Cryptococcus neoformans glucuronoxylomannan enhance antifungal activity of murine macrophages","volume":"63","author":"Mukherjee","year":"1995","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2005.08.011","article-title":"Isolates of Candida albicans that differ in virulence for mice elicit strain-specific antibody-mediated protective responses","volume":"8","author":"Hu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.187.4.641","article-title":"Antibody-mediated modulation of Cryptococcus neoformans infection is dependent on distinct Fc receptor functions and IgG subclasses","volume":"187","author":"Yuan","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."}],"container-title":["Journal of Fungi"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2309-608X\/7\/6\/492\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:19:37Z","timestamp":1760163577000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2309-608X\/7\/6\/492"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,20]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["jof7060492"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jof7060492","relation":{},"ISSN":["2309-608X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2309-608X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,20]]}}}